Internal Bleeding

While most people understand that internal bleeding refers to bleeding that can't be seen on the outside of the body, medical personnel tend to use terms that describe more precisely the location inside the body where the bleeding is found. Internal bleeding may occur within tissues, organs, or in cavities of the body including the head, spinal canal, chest, and abdomen. Examples of other potential sites of bleeding include the eye and within tissues that line the heart, muscles, and joints.

• External bleeding is quite easy to recognize. If the skin is damaged by a laceration, puncture wound, or abrasion, blood can be witnessed as it streams out of the body. The scalp and face have a very rich blood supply and are notorious for demonstrating massive blood loss.
• Internal bleeding may be much more difficult to identify. It may not be evident for many hours after it begins, and symptoms may only occur when there is significant blood loss or if a blood clot is large enough to compress an organ and prevent it from functioning properly.

Internal bleeding occurs when damage to an artery or vein allows blood to escape the circulatory system and collect inside the body. The amount of bleeding depends upon the amount of damage to an organ, the blood vessels that supply it, and the body's ability to repair breaks in the walls of the blood vessels. The repair mechanisms available include both the blood clotting system and the ability of blood vessels to go into spasm to decrease blood flow to an injured area.

People who take blood-thinning or anti-clotting medication are more prone to bleeding than people who do not take these medications. These individuals may experience significant bleeding even with relatively minor injury or illness, and the risk of bleeding needs to be balanced against the benefits of taking the medication. A variety of "blood thinning" medications are now prescribed for many diseases.

Anticoagulation medications include:

• warfarin (Coumadin)
• Heparin
• enoxaparin (Lovenox)
• rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
• edoxaban (Savaysa)
• dabigatran (Pradaxa)

Antiplatelet medications include:

• Aspirin
• clopidogrel (Plavix)
• prasugrel (Effient)
• ticagrelor (Brilinta)

Some people have genetic or inborn errors in the blood clotting system. Minor injuries may cause major bleeding in these people. Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease are two examples of hereditary clotting disorders.

Bleeding most often occurs due to injury or wound, and depending upon the circumstances, the amount of force required to cause bleeding can be quite variable. Some people can experience spontaneous bleeding not necessarily related to any injury, wound, or trauma.

Blunt trauma

Most people understand that falling from a height or being involved in a car accident can inflict great force and trauma upon the body. If blunt force is involved, the outside of the body may not necessarily be damaged, but enough compression may occur to internal organs to cause injury and bleeding.

• Imagine a football player being speared by a helmet to the abdomen. The spleen or liver may be compressed by the force and cause bleeding inside the organ. If the hit is hard enough, the capsule or lining of the organ can be torn, and the bleeding can spill into the peritoneum (the space in the abdominal cavity that contains abdominal organs such as the intestines, liver, and spleen).
• If the injury occurs in the area of the back or flank, where the kidney is located, retroperitoneal bleeding may occur.
• The same mechanism causes bleeding due to crush injuries. For example, when a weight falls on a foot, the weight doesn't give, nor does the ground. The force needs to be absorbed by either the bone or the muscles of the foot. This can cause the bone to break and/or the muscle fibers to tear and bleed.
• Other structures are compressible and may cause internal bleeding. For example, the eye can be compressed in the orbit when a fist or ball hits it. The globe deforms and springs back to its original shape. Rarely, intraorbital hemorrhage (caused by orbital trauma) may occur.

Deceleration trauma

Deceleration may cause organs in the body to be shifted inside the body. This may shear blood vessels away from the organ and cause bleeding. This is often the mechanism for intracranial bleeding such as epidural and subdural hematomas and subarachnoid hemorrhage or bleeding. Force applied to the head causes an acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, causing the brain to "bounce around" inside the skull. This can tear some of the small bridging veins on the surface of the brain and cause bleeding. Since the brain is encased in the skull, which is a solid structure, even a small amount of blood can increase pressure inside the skull and decrease brain function. The shaking within the skull may also cause bleeding within the brain tissue itself (intracerebral hemorrhage).

Organs within the abdominal cavity are often attached by a pedicle (stalk) to arteries and veins that provide blood supply. In a deceleration injury, the pedicle can shear off, tearing the blood vessels and causing bleeding.

Fractures

Internal bleeding may occur with broken bones that contain bone marrow in which blood production occurs. These bones have a rich blood supply, and significant amounts of blood can be lost with fractures. The break of a long bone such as the thighbone (femur) can result in the loss of one unit (350 cc to 500 cc) of blood. Flat bones, such as the pelvis, require much more force to cause a fracture. The trauma from the fracture can tear many blood vessels surrounding the structure, which causes massive internal bleeding.

Pregnancy

Bleeding in pregnancy is never normal. Bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy is a sign of a potential miscarriage and is not uncommon. Moreover, vaginal bleeding during the first few weeks of pregnancy may be a possible symptom and sign of a tubal or ectopic pregnancy. In an ectopic pregnancy, the placenta and the fetus implant in the fallopian tube or another location outside of the uterine cavity. As the placenta grows, it erodes through the tube or other involved organs and may cause fatal bleeding unless the ectopic pregnancy is recognized and treated.

Bleeding after 20 weeks of pregnancy may be due to placenta previa or placental abruption, and urgent medical care should be accessed. Placenta previa describes the situation in which the placenta attaches to the uterus close to the opening of the cervix and may cause painless vaginal bleeding. Abruption occurs when the placenta partially separates from the uterine wall and causes significant pain with or without bleeding from the vagina.

Signs of internal bleeding after a C-section

Internal bleeding after a C-section (cesarean section) can be a serious complication. Recognizing the signs early is crucial for prompt medical intervention. Signs of internal bleeding after a C-section include:

• Unusual or increasing abdominal pain
• Swelling or firmness in the abdomen
• Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
• Low blood pressure (hypotension)
• Pallor (pale skin)
• Cold hands or feet
• Decreased urine output
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Excessive vaginal bleeding
• Swelling or pain at the incision site
• Back pain

Bleeding after surgery

Whenever a surgeon cuts into the body, the potential for immediate and delayed bleeding exists. When the operation is near completion, the surgeon tries to make certain that all bleeding has been controlled. This can be done by identifying and tying off blood vessels with sutures or using staples or clips to maintain hemostasis (hemo=blood + stasis=inactivity, lack of flow). Cautery can be used to burn blood vessels to prevent them from bleeding. A little bleeding can be expected in most situations.

Sometimes, however, bleeding may occur after the surgery is performed. Blood vessels that have been cut may go into spasm with no evidence of bleeding. They may relax and begin bleeding many hours or days after the completion of a procedure. Similarly, sutures, staples, or clips can dislodge and allow a blood vessel to bleed. Many times, the bleeding is self-limited as the body is able to repair itself. On occasion, the patient needs to be returned to the operating room so that the surgeon can explore the area and find the bleeding site. Depending upon the situation, an interventional radiologist may be able to find the bleeding blood vessel and repair it.

Spontaneous bleeding

Internal bleeding may occur spontaneously, especially in those people who take anticoagulation medications or who have inherited bleeding disorders. Routine bumps that occur in daily life may cause significant bleeding issues.

Medication

Internal bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract may be caused as a side effect of medications (most often from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and aspirin) and alcohol. These substances can cause inflammation and bleeding of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum — the first part of the small intestine as it leaves the stomach.

Alcohol abuse

Long-term alcohol abuse can cause liver damage, which may cause internal bleeding through a variety of mechanisms including decreased protein and clotting factor production.

• Esophageal varices (swollen blood vessels around the esophagus): In patients with liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension (increased pressure within the blood vessels that supply the liver) can develop, leading to the formation of esophageal varices. These are enlarged veins in the lower part of the esophagus that can rupture, causing severe internal bleeding.
• Gastrointestinal ulcers: Chronic alcohol use can lead to the development of peptic ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. These ulcers can erode blood vessels and cause bleeding.
• Gastritis: Alcohol-induced gastritis results from the irritation and erosion of the stomach lining, which can lead to bleeding. This bleeding can be slow and chronic or sudden and severe.
• Mallory-Weiss tears: Repeated vomiting associated with heavy drinking can cause tears in the mucous membrane at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, known as Mallory-Weiss tears. These tears can cause significant bleeding.
• Coagulopathy and platelet dysfunction: Liver damage from alcohol affects the production of clotting factors and platelets, leading to an increased risk of bleeding. Even minor injuries or spontaneous bleeding can become problematic.

Moreover, alcohol directly irritates the lining of the stomach, which leads to inflammation that can cause bleeding.

Internal bleeding can result from various other conditions and circumstances. Here are some specific scenarios where internal bleeding might occur:

Stage 4 cancer with internal bleeding

• Internal bleeding in stage 4 cancer can occur due to the invasion of cancer cells into blood vessels, organs, or tissues. This can lead to the rupture of these structures, resulting in bleeding.
• Common cancers that may cause internal bleeding include head and neck cancers, lung cancer, and cancers in the pelvic area. 
• Symptoms can vary depending on the location of the bleeding but may include severe pain, dizziness, and visible signs of blood in vomit or stool.

Internal bleeding in the elderly

• Internal bleeding in elderly individuals can be particularly dangerous due to their frailty and the presence of other comorbidities.
• The risk of internal bleeding increases with age due to factors such as recurrent trauma, thinning of blood vessels, reduced elasticity, and the use of medications that affect blood clotting.

Internal bleeding after gastric bypass: Internal bleeding is a potential complication after gastric bypass surgery, a weight-loss procedure that alters the digestive system to help with weight reduction. This surgery involves creating a small pouch from the stomach and connecting it directly to the small intestine. Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding after gastric bypass may include:

• Severe abdominal pain
• Rapid heart rate
• Low blood pressure
• Blood in stool (melena) or vomiting blood (hematemesis)
• Dizziness or fainting
• Weakness and fatigue

Internal bleeding symptoms depend upon where the bleeding is located, how much bleeding has occurred, and what structures and functions in the body are affected. Blood outside the circulatory system (the heart and blood vessels) is very irritating to tissues, causing inflammation and pain. Examples of some internal bleeding situations are listed below.

Intracranial bleeding from trauma or a leaking aneurysm often causes pain, but may also result in symptoms of altered mental function. Subarachnoid bleeding often causes headache and a stiff neck (meningismus). Neurological examination can range from a near-normal exam to confusion to coma. Symptoms of stroke, including weakness, slurred speech, and loss of vision, may be associated with intracranial bleeding. The signs and symptoms depend upon where and how much blood there is in the brain. If the bleeding continues, symptoms become progressive and easier to recognize. Bleeding may also occur within the spinal canal and affect spinal cord function.

Intra-abdominal bleeding may be hidden and present only with pain, but if there is enough blood loss, the patient may complain of weakness, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, and other symptoms of shock and decreased blood pressure. Once again, the symptoms depend upon where in the abdomen the bleeding occurs.

• If there is bleeding in the stomach, the patient may vomit bright red blood, or if it has been in the stomach for a period, the vomit may look like coffee grounds. Blood in the stool may be due to bleeding anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus and stomach to the colon, rectum, and anus. Hemorrhoids are a common cause of blood in the toilet bowl. Black, tarry stools usually signal bleeding from the stomach or duodenum. Black stool may also be due to iron pills, bismuth (Pepto-Bismol), and some foods. If internal bleeding causes blood to spill into the peritoneum, there can be a significant amount of pain with any movement, and the abdomen can become tense and feel rigid to touch.
• Sometimes, blood in the abdominal cavity moves toward the skin, which a doctor can see during a physical exam. Cullen's sign is the term used to refer to the appearance of bruising surrounding the navel. Bruising between the ribs and hip (on the fleshy side of the body or flank) is known as Grey Turner's sign.

Blood in the urine may be due to internal bleeding at any site within the urinary tract, from the kidney to the bladder. Often bladder infections are associated with blood in the urine, but other causes, including kidney and bladder cancer, need to be considered based on the particular symptoms, patient's age, and medical history. Males who may have had prostate surgery may have blood in the urine. Men and women who have had radiation therapy may develop inflammation of the bladder wall that can cause a significant amount of bleeding. Some patients with kidney stones may experience blood in their urine.

Injury due to a deep muscle injury, and rarely, compartment syndrome may occur. Muscles are often sheathed in tight linings. Should enough bleeding and swelling cause the pressure within the muscle compartment to be greater than the patient's blood pressure, blood cannot be pumped to the muscle cells and beyond. Symptoms include intense pain, difficulty moving the joints below the injury, and loss of sensation. Commonly, this is seen in the shin and forearm injuries and may or may not be associated with a broken bone.

Bleeding may also occur into joints, causing significant pain and loss of range of motion. This most frequently is seen in patients who are on anti-coagulation medications. An injury may or may not be needed to cause the bleeding.

Internal bleeding, or hemorrhaging, occurs when blood escapes from blood vessels within the body, often due to trauma, injury, or underlying medical conditions.

The first or the early symptoms of internal bleeding can vary significantly depending on the location and severity of the bleeding. Common signs include:

• Dizziness or lightheadedness: A common symptom that occurs due to a decrease in blood volume, which impacts circulation.
• Severe weakness: This may manifest as an inability to perform normal activities due to blood loss.
• Abdominal pain: Often severe, this can indicate bleeding in the abdominal cavity, particularly if accompanied by swelling.
• Nausea and vomiting: This may include vomiting blood or having dark, tarry stools, indicating gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Chest pain: Can signal bleeding around the heart or lungs, requiring immediate medical attention.
• Low blood pressure: Often a sign of shock, which can occur with significant blood loss.
• Confusion or disorientation: This may result from reduced blood flow to the brain.
• Bruising: Unexplained bruising, especially around the abdomen or navel, can indicate internal bleeding.
• Shortness of breath: This may occur if bleeding affects lung function or if there is significant blood loss.
• Symptoms of shock: These can include rapid heart rate, cool and clammy skin, and loss of consciousness.

If any of these symptoms develop suddenly, especially after an injury or trauma, it is essential to seek immediate medical evaluation, as internal bleeding can be life-threatening

Diagnosis of internal bleeding begins with a thorough medical history. This is followed by a physical examination, concentrating on the area of the body where the internal bleeding may have occurred. For example, if there is concern about bleeding in the brain, the physical examination will focus on the neurologic system, or if it is intra-abdominal bleeding, the exam will be directed toward the abdomen.

Blood tests may be performed to check for a low red blood cell count, or anemia. However, if the bleeding occurs rapidly, the initial hemoglobin reading or red blood cell count may be normal.

Suspicion of internal bleeding will often require an imaging test to look for the bleeding source.

• If there is concern about gastrointestinal bleeding, a gastroenterologist may use fiber optic scopes to look into the esophagus and stomach (endoscopy) or into the colon (colonoscopy) to identify the source. If found, the physician may be able to stop the bleeding using electricity to cauterize or burn the blood vessel that is bleeding.
• Computerized tomography (CT) is the most common test to look for bleeding in the brain. It is also able to identify brain swelling and fractures of the skull.
• Ultrasound may be used to look for blood in the abdomen. While it has its place in the management of trauma, ultrasound is especially useful in evaluating obstetric and gynecologic problems such as bleeding from an ovarian cyst or an ectopic or tubal pregnancy.
• CT also is an effective tool to look for intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal bleeding. It can evaluate the potential injury site, the severity of organ damage, whether the bleeding is contained within an organ (such as the liver, kidney, or spleen), or whether the bleeding has spilled into the peritoneum. It is also a helpful test in assessing pelvic fractures.
• If the source of bleeding is thought to be due to a damaged artery, angiography may be used to evaluate the arterial blood flow.

In some situations in which the patient is critically ill from internal bleeding, the decision may be made to undergo emergency surgery to find and repair the bleeding site. This may occur in trauma victims with abdominal or chest injuries who have unstable vital signs (decreased level of consciousness, low blood pressure, and other signs of shock) and are at risk of bleeding to death if they were to wait for diagnostic tests.

How do doctors treat internal bleeding? The initial treatment plan for any patient with internal bleeding begins with assessing the patient's stability and making certain the ABCs are well maintained. This includes making certain the patient:

• Has an open Airway
• Is Breathing
• Has adequate Circulation (stable pulse rate and blood pressure)

The treatment for internal bleeding depends upon where the bleeding is coming from, the patient's situation, and stability. Basic treatment goals for internal bleeding are to find out where the bleeding is coming from and repair any damage that the bleeding may have caused.

In patients who take anticoagulation medications and have significant bleeding, the anticoagulation may need to be reversed with medication.

Depending upon where it occurs, if not recognized, internal bleeding may cause organ failure, shock, and death. For example:

• If there is uncontrolled bleeding in the chest or abdomen, the body may lose enough circulating red blood cells to compromise oxygen delivery to cells in the body. Cells shift from aerobic metabolism using oxygen to anaerobic metabolism. This is only a temporary fix and if allowed to continue, the acid-base balance of the body is adversely affected. If enough cells stop working, the body's organs will also begin to fail (shock). If the bleeding is not stopped, the patient can die.
• Internal bleeding in the brain may cause minimal damage or it may lead to stroke-like symptoms, coma, and death. Symptoms depend upon the location of the bleeding, the amount of bleeding, and whether the bleeding causes increased pressure within the skull, further affecting brain function.

How long a person can live with internal bleeding depends on several factors, including the bleeding's location and severity, the individual's overall health, and how quickly they receive medical attention. Severe internal bleeding can be life-threatening and may lead to death within hours if not treated promptly. For example, significant hemorrhaging can result in organ failure, coma, or death if left untreated, with some cases leading to death within hours of hospital admission. Minor internal bleeding, such as small, ruptured blood vessels near the skin, might not be immediately life-threatening but still requires medical evaluation to prevent complications. If you suspect internal bleeding, it’s crucial to seek emergency medical care immediately.

The prognosis for internal bleeding varies significantly based on several factors, including the cause, severity, and location of the bleeding, as well as the timeliness of medical intervention. Individuals with minor to moderate internal bleeding often experience a full recovery, particularly if the underlying cause is identified and treated promptly. However, additional treatments may be necessary to prevent future bleeding episodes. Severe internal bleeding can lead to long-term complications, such as chronic pain, organ dysfunction, or neurological deficits, especially if not controlled quickly. Early recognition and prompt intervention are crucial for improving outcomes and minimizing complications.

Preventing internal bleeding involves managing risk factors and conditions that could lead to such bleeding. Here are some strategies to reduce the risk:

Avoid trauma and injuries:

• Practice safety measures to prevent accidents and injuries that can cause internal bleeding. This includes wearing seatbelts, using appropriate safety equipment for sports and activities, and making your home fall-proof.
• Avoid high-risk activities and situations that could lead to blunt or penetrating trauma, such as contact sports, physical altercations, and dangerous driving.

Manage underlying health conditions:

• If you have a condition that increases bleeding risk, such as liver disease or a bleeding disorder, work closely with your doctor to manage it and prevent complications.
• Take blood-thinning medications only as prescribed. Discuss any concerns with your doctor and avoid discontinuing these medications without medical supervision.

Maintain a healthy lifestyle:

• Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamin K, which is important for proper blood clotting.
• Stay physically active to maintain muscle strength and flexibility, which can help prevent falls and injuries.
• Avoid excessive alcohol consumption, which can increase bleeding risk and interfere with blood clotting.

Seek medical attention for injuries:

• If you sustain an injury, even if it seems minor, seek medical evaluation to assess for internal bleeding and other complications.
• Follow your doctor's recommendations for treatment and recovery to prevent further injury and ensure proper healing.

While it's not always possible to prevent internal bleeding, taking these precautions can help reduce your risk and ensure prompt treatment if an injury occurs.