Black Hoof Fungus, Black Hoof Mushroom, Meshima, Meshimakobu, Phellinus linteus, Song Gen.
Sanghuang is an orange mushroom that grows on mulberry trees. It has been used as medicine for centuries in Japan, Korea, and China. The name sanghuang is based on the Chinese word "sang," which refers to the tree genus, and "huang," which means yellow.
People take sanghuang by mouth for allergies, arthritis, diabetes, diarrhea, esophageal cancer, stomach flu, hemorrhage, liver scarring, liver cancer, stomach cancer, and stomachaches.
How does work?
Sanghuang might block reactions that cause allergy symptoms, prevent the growth of bacteria, block enzymes that cause nerve and eye damage in people with diabetes, reduce swelling, lower cholesterol, prevent cancer from growing, and protect the liver from toxins. Sanghuang seems to have immune-stimulating and antioxidant effects.
Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
- Allergies.
- Arthritis.
- Diabetes.
- Diarrhea.
- Esophageal cancer.
- Stomach flu.
- Hemorrhage.
- Liver scarring.
- Liver cancer.
- Stomach cancer.
- Stomachaches.
- Other conditions.
QUESTION
Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See AnswerThere isn't enough reliable information about sanghuang to know if it is safe.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking sanghuang if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.Autoimmune diseases: Early research suggests that sanghuang might increase immune function. In theory, it might make autoimmune disease worse. People with disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should use sanghuang with caution or avoid it altogether.
Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia): Sanghuang might enlarge the prostate. Men who already have this condition should avoid taking sanghuang.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Sanghuang might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking sanghuang along with some medications that are changed by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking sanghuang, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some of these medications that are changed by the liver include chlorzoxazone, theophylline, and bufuralol.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Sanghuang might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking sanghuang along with some medications that are changed by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking sanghuang, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some of these medications that are changed by the liver include clozapine (Clozaril), cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), fluvoxamine (Luvox), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), mexiletine (Mexitil), olanzapine (Zyprexa), pentazocine (Talwin), propranolol (Inderal), tacrine (Cognex), theophylline, zileuton (Zyflo), zolmitriptan (Zomig), and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2B1 (CYP2B1) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Sanghuang might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking sanghuang along with some medications that are changed by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking sanghuang, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some of these medications that are changed by the liver include cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, barbiturates, bromobenzene, and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Sanghuang might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking sanghuang along with some medications that are changed by the liver might increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking sanghuang, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some of these medications that are changed by the liver include acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte), ethanol, theophylline, and anesthetics such as enflurane (Ethrane), halothane (Fluothane), isoflurane (Forane), methoxyflurane (Penthrane).
Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Sanghuang might stimulate the immune system. In theory, taking sanghuang might decrease the effects of medications that decrease the immune system.
Some medications that decrease the immune system include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others.
The appropriate dose of sanghuang depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for sanghuang (in children/in adults). Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
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Bae, J. S., Ahn, S. J., Yim, H., Jang, K. H., and Jin, H. K. Prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions and abscesses by polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus spp in a rat peritonitis model. Ann Surg 2005;241(3):534-540. View abstract.
Bae, J. S., Jang, K. H., and Jin, H. K. Comparison of intraperitoneal anti-adhesive polysaccharides derived from Phellinus mushrooms in a rat peritonitis model. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11(6):810-816. View abstract.
Bae, J. S., Jin, H. K., and Jang, K. H. The effect of polysaccharides and carboxymethylcellulose combination to prevent intraperitoneal adhesion and abscess formation in a rat peritonitis model. J Vet Med Sci 2004;66(10):1205-1211. View abstract.
Baker, J. R., Kim, J. S., and Park, S. Y. Composition and proposed structure of a water-soluble glycan from the Keumsa Sangwhang Mushroom (Phellinus linteus). Fitoterapia 2008;79(5):345-350. View abstract.
Chen, W., He, F. Y., and Li, Y. Q. The apoptosis effect of hispolon from Phellinus linteus (Berkeley & Curtis) Teng on human epidermoid KB cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;105(1-2):280-285. View abstract.
Cho, J. H., Cho, S. D., Hu, H., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. K., Lee, Y. S., and Kang, K. S. The roles of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases in the preventive mechanisms of mushroom Phellinus linteus against the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by hydrogen peroxide. Carcinogenesis 2002;23(7):1163-1169. View abstract.
Choi, S. B., Park, C. H., Choi, M. K., Jun, D. W., and Park, S. Improvement of insulin resistance and insulin secretion by water extracts of Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces tenuipes in 90% pancreatectomized rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004;68(11):2257-2264. View abstract.
Choi, Y. H., Huh, M. K., Ryu, C. H., Choi, B. T., and Jeong, Y. K. Induction of apoptotic cell death by mycelium extracts of Phellinus linteus in human neuroblastoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2004;14(2):227-232. View abstract.
Choi, Y. H., Yan, G. H., Chai, O. H., Lim, J. M., Sung, S. Y., Zhang, X., Kim, J. H., Choi, S. H., Lee, M. S., Han, E. H., Kim, H. T., and Song, C. H. Inhibition of anaphylaxis-like reaction and mast cell activation by water extract from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29(7):1360-1365. View abstract.
Collins, L., Zhu, T., Guo, J., Xiao, Z. J., and Chen, C. Y. Phellinus linteus sensitises apoptosis induced by doxorubicin in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2006;95(3):282-288. View abstract.
Guo, J., Zhu, T., Collins, L., Xiao, Z. X., Kim, S. H., and Chen, C. Y. Modulation of lung cancer growth arrest and apoptosis by Phellinus Linteus. Mol Carcinog 2007;46(2):144-154. View abstract.
Han, S. B., Lee, C. W., Jeon, Y. J., Hong, N. D., Yoo, I. D., Yang, K. H., and Kim, H. M. The inhibitory effect of polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus on tumor growth and metastasis. Immunopharmacology 1999;41(2):157-164. View abstract.
Han, S. B., Lee, C. W., Kang, J. S., Yoon, Y. D., Lee, K. H., Lee, K., Park, S. K., and Kim, H. M. Acidic polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by blocking cell adhesion and invasion. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6(4):697-702. View abstract.
Hur, J. M., Yang, C. H., Han, S. H., Lee, S. H., You, Y. O., Park, J. C., and Kim, K. J. Antibacterial effect of Phellinus linteus against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fitoterapia 2004;75(6):603-605. View abstract.
Inagaki, N., Shibata, T., Itoh, T., Suzuki, T., Tanaka, H., Nakamura, T., Akiyama, Y., Kawagishi, H., and Nagai, H. Inhibition of IgE-dependent mouse triphasic cutaneous reaction by a boiling water fraction separated from mycelium of Phellinus linteus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005;2(3):369-374. View abstract.
Jeon, T. I., Hwang, S. G., Lim, B. O., and Park, D. K. Extracts of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppress liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Biotechnol Lett 2003;25(24):2093-2096. View abstract.
Jung, J. Y., Lee, I. K., Seok, S. J., Lee, H. J., Kim, Y. H., and Yun, B. S. Antioxidant polyphenols from the mycelial culture of the medicinal fungi Inonotus xeranticus and Phellinus linteus. J Appl Microbiol 2008;104(6):1824-1832. View abstract.
Kang, H. S., Choi, J. H., Cho, W. K., Park, J. C., and Choi, J. S. A sphingolipid and tyrosinase inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. Arch Pharm Res 2004;27(7):742-750. View abstract.
Kim SH, Song YS, Kim SK, Kim BC, Lim CJ, Park EH. Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of the n-BuOH subfraction of mushroom Phellinus linteus. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;93(1):141-6. View abstract.
Kim, B. C., Jeon, W. K., Hong, H. Y., Jeon, K. B., Hahn, J. H., Kim, Y. M., Numazawa, S., Yosida, T., Park, E. H., and Lim, C. J. The anti-inflammatory activity of Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curt.) is mediated through the PKCdelta/Nrf2/ARE signaling to up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;113(2):240-247. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Choi, G. S., Lee, S. H., and Park, Y. M. Acidic polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus linteus enhances through the up-regulation of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from peritoneal macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;95(1):69-76. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Kim, S. H., Hwang, S. Y., Kim, H. Y., Park, Y. M., Park, S. K., Lee, M. K., Lee, S. H., Lee, T. H., and Lee, J. D. Oral administration of proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus in the prevention and treatment of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26(6):823-831. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Lee, J. Y., Lee, J. O., Ryu, C. H., Choi, B. T., Jeong, Y. K., Lee, K. W., Jeong, S. C., and Choi, Y. H. Partial characterization and immunostimulatory effect of a novel polysaccharide-protein complex extracted from Phellinus linteus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006;70(5):1218-1226. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Oh, W. K., Shin, B. C., Shin, Y. I., Park, Y. C., Ahn, S. C., Lee, J. D., Bae, Y. S., Kwak, J. Y., and Park, Y. M. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth through mechanisms leading to an activation of CD11c+CD8+ DC and type I helper T cell-dominant immune state. FEBS Lett 2004;576(3):391-400. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Oh, Y. H., and Park, Y. M. Acidic polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus linteus induces nitric oxide-mediated tumoricidal activity of macrophages through protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;309(2):399-407. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Park, H. S., Nam, B. H., Lee, S. J., and Lee, J. D. Purification and characterization of acidic proteo-heteroglycan from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng. Bioresour Technol 2003;89(1):81-87. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Park, S. K., Lee, M. K., Lee, S. H., Oh, Y. H., Kwak, J. Y., Yoon, S., Lee, J. D., and Park, Y. M. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus activates murine B lymphocytes via protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase. Int Immunopharmacol 2003;3(9):1281-1292. View abstract.
Kim, G. Y., Roh, S. I., Park, S. K., Ahn, S. C., Oh, Y. H., Lee, J. D., and Park, Y. M. Alleviation of experimental septic shock in mice by acidic polysaccharide isolated from the medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26(10):1418-1423. View abstract.
Kim, H. G., Yoon, D. H., Lee, W. H., Han, S. K., Shrestha, B., Kim, C. H., Lim, M. H., Chang, W., Lim, S., Choi, S., Song, W. O., Sung, J. M., Hwang, K. C., and Kim, T. W. Phellinus linteus inhibits inflammatory mediators by suppressing redox-based NF-kappaB and MAPKs activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;114(3):307-315. View abstract.
Kim, H. M., Han, S. B., Oh, G. T., Kim, Y. H., Hong, D. H., Hong, N. D., and Yoo, I. D. Stimulation of humoral and cell mediated immunity by polysaccharide from mushroom Phellinus linteus. Int J Immunopharmacol 1996;18(5):295-303. View abstract.
Kojima, H., Tanigawa, N., Kariya, S., Komemushi, A., Shomura, Y., Sawada, S., Arai, E., and Yokota, Y. A case of spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple lung metastases. Radiat Med 2006;24(2):139-142. View abstract.
Kojima, K., Ogihara, Y., Sakai, Y., Mizukami, H., and Nagatsu, A. HPLC profiling of Phellinus linteus. J Nat Med 2008;62(4):441-446. View abstract.
Lee, H. J., Lee, H. J., Lim, E. S., Ahn, K. S., Shim, B. S., Kim, H. M., Gong, S. J., Kim, D. K., and Kim, S. H. Cambodian Phellinus linteus inhibits experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice via regulation of urokinase type plasminogen activator. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28(1):27-31. View abstract.
Lee, J. H., Cho, S. M., Song, K. S., Hong, N. D., and Yoo, I. D. Characterization of carbohydrate-peptide linkage of acidic heteroglycopeptide with immuno-stimulating activity from mycelium of Phellinus linteus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996;44(5):1093-1095. View abstract.
Lee, J. H., Lee, S. J., Choi, Y. H., Chung, K. T., Jeong, Y. K., and Choi, B. T. Effects of mycelial culture of Phellinus linteus on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Phytother Res 2006;20(5):396-402. View abstract.
Lee, Y. S., Kang, Y. H., Jung, J. Y., Kang, I. J., Han, S. N., Chung, J. S., Shin, H. K., and Lim, S. S. Inhibitory constituents of aldose reductase in the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31(4):765-768. View abstract.
Lee, Y. S., Kang, Y. H., Jung, J. Y., Lee, S., Ohuchi, K., Shin, K. H., Kang, I. J., Park, J. H., Shin, H. K., and Lim, S. S. Protein glycation inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31(10):1968-1972. View abstract.
Lim, B. O., Jeon, T. I., Hwang, S. G., Moon, J. H., and Park, D. K. Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppresses IgE production by the modulation of Th1/Th2 balance in murine mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. Biotechnol.Lett 2005;27(9):613-617. View abstract.
Matsuba, S., Matsuno, H., Sakuma, M., and Komatsu, Y. Phellinus linteus Extract Augments the Immune Response in Mitomycin C-Induced Immunodeficient Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2008;5(1):85-90. View abstract.
Min, B. S., Yun, B. S., Lee, H. K., Jung, H. J., Jung, H. A., and Choi, J. S. Two novel furan derivatives from Phellinus linteus with anti-complement activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006;16(12):3255-3257. View abstract.
Nakamura, T., Matsugo, S., Uzuka, Y., Matsuo, S., and Kawagishi, H. Fractionation and anti-tumor activity of the mycelia of liquid-cultured Phellinus linteus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004;68(4):868-872. View abstract.
Nam, S. W., Han, J. Y., Kim, J. I., Park, S. H., Cho, S. H., Han, N. I., Yang, J. M., Kim, J. K., Choi, S. W., Lee, Y. S., Chung, K. W., and Sun, H. S. Spontaneous regression of a large hepatocellular carcinoma with skull metastasis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20(3):488-492. View abstract.
Oh, G. S., Lee, M. S., Pae, H. O., Kwon, J., Lee, S. S., Jeong, J. G., Shin, M. K., Kwon, T. O., and Chung, H. T. Effects of oral administration of Phellinus linteus on the production of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006;28(2):281-293. View abstract.
Park, I. H., Chung, S. K., Lee, K. B., Yoo, Y. C., Kim, S. K., Kim, G. S., and Song, K. S. An antioxidant hispidin from the mycelial cultures of Phellinus linteus. Arch Pharm Res 2004;27(6):615-618. View abstract.
Park, I. H., Jeon, S. Y., Lee, H. J., Kim, S. I., and Song, K. S. A beta-secretase (BACE1) inhibitor hispidin from the mycelial cultures of Phellinus linteus. Planta Med 2004;70(2):143-146. View abstract.
Park, S. K., Kim, G. Y., Lim, J. Y., Kwak, J. Y., Bae, Y. S., Lee, J. D., Oh, Y. H., Ahn, S. C., and Park, Y. M. Acidic polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus induce phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;312(2):449-458. View abstract.
Shibata, Y., Kashiwagi, B., Arai, S., Fukabori, Y., and Suzuki, K. Administration of extract of mushroom Phellinus linteus induces prostate enlargement with increase in stromal component in experimentally developed rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2005;66(2):455-460. View abstract.
Shin, J. Y., Lee, S., Bae, I. Y., Yoo, S. H., and Lee, H. G. Structural and biological study of carboxymethylated Phellinus linteus polysaccharides. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55(9):3368-3372. View abstract.
Shon, Y. H. and Nam, K. S. Antimutagenicity and induction of anticarcinogenic phase II enzymes by basidiomycetes. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;77(1):103-109. View abstract.
Shon, Y. H. and Nam, K. S. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes in rat liver microsomes by polysaccharides derived from Phellinus linteus. Biotechnol Lett 2003;25(2):167-172. View abstract.
Sliva, D., Jedinak, A., Kawasaki, J., Harvey, K., and Slivova, V. Phellinus linteus suppresses growth, angiogenesis and invasive behaviour of breast cancer cells through the inhibition of AKT signalling. Br J Cancer 2008;98(8):1348-1356. View abstract.
Song, K. S., Cho, S. M., Lee, J. H., Kim, H. M., Han, S. B., Ko, K. S., and Yoo, I. D. B-lymphocyte-stimulating polysaccharide from mushroom Phellinus linteus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995;43(12):2105-2108. View abstract.
Song, Y. S., Kim, S. H., Sa, J. H., Jin, C., Lim, C. J., and Park, E. H. Anti-angiogenic, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities of the mushroom Phellinus linteus. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;88(1):113-116. View abstract.
Wu S-H, Dai Y-C, Hattori T, Yu T-W, Wang D-M, Parmasto E, Chang H-Y, Shih S-Y. Species clarification for the medicinally valuable 'sanghuang' mushroom. Botanical Studies 2012; 53:135-149.
Yang, K. L., Chang, W. T., Hung, K. C., Li, E. I., and Chuang, C. C. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta-induced liver fibrosis by a retinoic acid derivative via the suppression of Col 1A2 promoter activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;373(2):219-223. View abstract.
Ye, S. F., Hou, Z. Q., and Zhang, Q. Q. Protective effects of Phellinus linteus extract against iron overload-mediated oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes. Phytother Res 2007;21(10):948-953. View abstract.
Yeo, W. H., Hwang, E. I., So, S. H., and Lee, S. M. Phellinone, a new furanone derivative from the Phellinus linteus KT&G PL-2. Arch Pharm Res 2007;30(8):924-926. View abstract.
Zhu, T., Guo, J., Collins, L., Kelly, J., Xiao, Z. J., Kim, S. H., and Chen, C. Y. Phellinus linteus activates different pathways to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2007;96(4):583-590. View abstract.
Zhu, T., Kim, S. H., and Chen, C. Y. A medicinal mushroom: Phellinus linteus. Curr Med Chem 2008;15(13):1330-1335. View abstract.
Zhu, T., Kim, S. H., and Chen, C. Y. A medicinal mushroom: Phellinus linteus. Curr Med Chem 2008;15(13):1330-1335. View abstract.
Zou, X., Guo, X., and Sun, M. pH control strategy in a shaken minibioreactor for polysaccharide production by medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus and its anti-hyperlipemia activity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009;32(2):277-281. View abstract.