Vitamin A: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions

Other Name(s):

3-Dehydroretinol, 3-Déhydrorétinol, Acétate de Rétinol, Antixerophthalmic Vitamin, Axerophtholum, Dehydroretinol, Déhydrorétinol, Fat-Soluble Vitamin, Oleovitamin A, Palmitate de Rétinol, Retinoids, Rétinoïdes, Retinol, Rétinol, Retinol Acetate, Retinol Palmitate, Retinyl Acetate, Rétinyl Acétate, Retinyl Palmitate, Rétinyl Palmitate, Vitamin A Acetate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Vitamin A1, Vitamin A2, Vitamina A, Vitamine A, Vitamine A1, Vitamine A2, Vitamine Liposoluble, Vitaminum A.

Overview

Vitamin A is a vitamin. It can be found in many fruits, vegetables, eggs, whole milk, butter, fortified margarine, meat, and oily saltwater fish. It can also be made in a laboratory. Carotenoids are a group of yellow or orange chemicals found in plants. Some of these can be converted to vitamin A in the body.

Vitamin A is used for treating vitamin A deficiency. It is also used to reduce complications of diseases such as malaria, HIV, measles, and diarrhea, and to improve growth, in children with vitamin A deficiency.

Women use vitamin A for heavy menstrual periods, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), vaginal infections, yeast infections, "lumpy breasts" (fibrocystic breast disease), and to prevent breast cancer. Some women with HIV use vitamin A to decrease the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast-feeding. It may also be used to prevent various complications during and following childbirth and to improve infant development.

Men use vitamin A to raise their sperm count.

Some people use vitamin A for improving vision and treating eye disorders including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataracts. It may also be used to promote healing after eye surgery.

Vitamin A is also used for skin conditions including acne, eczema, psoriasis, cold sores, wounds, burns, sunburn, keratosis follicularis (Darier's disease), ichthyosis (noninflammatory skin scaling), lichen planus pigmentosus, and pityriasis rubra pilaris.

It is also used for gastrointestinal ulcers, Crohn's disease, parasites in the intestines, gum disease, diabetes, Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis), sinus infections, hayfever, respiratory infections, osteoarthritis, tuberculosis, and urinary tract infections (UTIs). It is also used to reduce symptoms of a liver disease associated with drinking too much alcohol (alcoholic hepatitis) and of Parkinson's disease.

Vitamin A is also used for shigellosis, diseases of the nervous system, nose infections, loss of sense of smell, asthma, allergy prevention, persistent headaches, kidney stones, overactive thyroid, iron-poor blood (anemia), deafness, ringing in the ears, and precancerous mouth sores (leukoplakia).

Other uses include preventing and treating cancer, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and to reduce side effects during cancer treatment. It is also used for protecting the heart and cardiovascular system, slowing the aging process, and boosting the immune system.

Vitamin A is applied to the skin to improve wound healing, reduce wrinkles, and to protect the skin against UV radiation.

How does work?

Vitamin A is required for the proper development and functioning of our eyes, skin, immune system, and many other parts of our bodies.

SLIDESHOW

Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis) Symptoms, Causes, Treatments See Slideshow

Uses

Effective for...

Vitamin A deficiency. Taking vitamin A by mouth is effective for preventing and treating symptoms of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency can occur in people with protein deficiency, diabetes, over-active thyroid, fever, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, or an inherited disorder called abetalipoproteinemia.

Possibly Effective for...

Breast cancer. Premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer who consume high levels of vitamin A in their diet seem to have lower risk of breast cancer. It is not known if taking vitamin A supplements has the same benefit.
Cataracts. People who consume high amounts of vitamin A in their diet seem to have a lower risk of developing cataracts.
Measles. Taking vitamin A by mouth seems to reduce the risk of measles complications or death in children with measles and vitamin A deficiency.
Precancerous lesions in the mouth (oral leukoplakia). Research suggests that taking vitamin A can help treat precancerous lesions in the mouth.
Pregnancy-related death. Taking vitamin A before and during pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of death by 40% in malnourished women.
Pregnancy-related nightblindness. Taking vitamin A during pregnancy seems to reduce nightblindness by 37% in malnourished women. Vitamin A might work better for this condition when taken with zinc.
Diarrhea after giving birth. Taking vitamin A before, during, and after pregnancy reduces diarrhea after giving birth in malnourished women.
Eye disease affecting the retina (retinitis pigmentosa). Taking vitamin A can slow the progression of an eye disease that causes damage to the retina.

Possibly Ineffective for...

Atopic disease. Giving a single dose of vitamin A to infants does not seem to prevent atopy.
Breathing problems that affect newborns (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Research shows that injecting vitamin does not reduce the risk of breathing problems in most low birth weight infants.
Gastrointestinal side effects of chemotherapy. Taking vitamin A by mouth does not seem to prevent diarrhea or mouth pain caused by chemotherapy in children.
Fetal and early infant death. Taking vitamin A supplements before, during, or after pregnancy does not seem to prevent infant death during the first year of life. Also giving vitamin A supplements to infants does not seem to prevent death.
Intestinal parasites. Giving a single dose of vitamin A to children taking medicine to treat intestinal parasites does not seem to prevent reinfection compare to only taking the medicine.
Skin cancer (melanoma). Research shows that taking a high dose of vitamin A by mouth does not increase relapse-free survival in people with melanoma.
Miscarriage. Women who take vitamin A by mouth, alone or in combination with other vitamins before or during early pregnancy, do not have a lower risk of miscarriage or stillbirth.
Osteoarthritis. Taking vitamin A does not seem to reduce pain in people with spinal osteoarthritis who have adequate levels of vitamin A. Also, taking a specific product containing selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E does not appear to improve osteoarthritis symptoms.
Tuberculosis. Low levels of vitamin A are common in people with tuberculosis. However, taking vitamin A does not appear to improve symptoms or decrease the risk of death in people with this condition.

Likely Ineffective for...

Head and neck cancer. Taking vitamin A by mouth does not reduce the risk of developing new tumors or improve survival in people with head and neck cancer.
HIV transmission. Taking vitamin A by mouth does not lower the risk of passing HIV to the fetus during pregnancy, to newborns during delivery, or to infants during breastfeeding. In fact, early research suggests that HIV-positive women who take vitamin A supplements during pregnancy might have an increased risk of passing HIV to their babies through breast milk.
Lower airway infections. Taking vitamin A by mouth does not prevent or reduce symptoms of lower airway infections in children. In fact, vitamin A is linked with a slight increase in the risk of respiratory tract infections in children.
Pneumonia. Taking vitamin A by mouth does not help treat or prevent pneumonia in children living in developing countries.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

Alcohol-related liver disease. Early research shows that taking vitamin A together with coenzyme Q10 and other vitamins and minerals does not improve survival in people with liver disease caused by alcohol use.
Anemia. Taking vitamin A may help increase levels of proteins that store iron. This may reduce the risk of anemia in children and pregnant women. However, in developing nations in which anemia is common, taking vitamin A (retinol) with iron and folate does not seem to improve anemia in pregnant women compared to taking only iron and folate.
Cervical cancer. Research suggests that increased vitamin A levels in the blood or higher vitamin A intakes are associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer. However, this only appears to be the case when both forms of vitamin A, retinol and carotenes, are considered. Intake of retinol alone is not linked with a reduced risk of cervical cancer.
Child development. Taking vitamin A does not appear to improve growth in children with normal nutrition. However, taking vitamin A might improve growth in children with vitamin A deficiency.
Cancer that starts in the bone marrow (chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)). Early research shows that taking vitamin A along with an anticancer drug does not improve survival in people with this condition compared to taking the anticancer drug alone. In fact, taking vitamin A along with this drug might increase the risk of toxicity.
Rectal damage caused by radiation therapy. Early research suggests that taking vitamin A (retinol palmitate) can reduce rectal symptoms caused by pelvic radiotherapy.
Colon and rectal polyps (colorectal adenoma). Taking a combination supplement containing selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E might reduce the recurrence of precancerous polyps in the large intestine.
Colorectal cancer. Taking vitamin A alone or along with beta-carotene does not seem to prevent colorectal cancer.
Surgery to improve blood flow to the heart (coronary artery bypass). Early research suggests that taking vitamin A might reduce the time needed in intensive care during this type of surgery. It also might reduce the time in the hospital after surgery.
Esophageal cancer. Higher intake of vitamin A and beta-carotene is linked to a reduced risk of esophageal cancer. But taking vitamin A in combination with beta-carotene does not seem to prevent esophageal cancer.
Stomach cancer. Taking vitamin A alone or with beta-carotene does not seem to prevent stomach cancer.
HIV. Taking vitamin A during pregnancy does not seem to reduce the risk of death for the mother or child. Also, vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy does not seem to prevent HIV progression in women with HIV and low levels of vitamin A. However, giving vitamin A to HIV-positive infants and children might reduce the risk of HIV-related death.
Diarrhea related to HIV. Taking vitamin A might decrease the risk of death from diarrhea in children with vitamin A deficiency, with or without HIV. But conflicting results exist.
Infant development. Giving vitamin A as a shot might improve brain development by one year in some infants. But it seems to work only in very small infants who are also given nitric oxide gas.
Lung cancer. Most research suggests that taking vitamin A does not increase survival in people with lung cancer. Also, taking vitamin A with beta-carotene might increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers and people exposed to asbestos. But it's not clear if this effect is due to beta-carotene. It's possible that this increased risk is linked with beta-carotene use, not vitamin A.
Malaria. Taking vitamin A by mouth seems to decrease malaria symptoms in children less than 3 years-old living in areas where malaria is common. But taking vitamin A does not seem to improve symptoms or prevent death caused by of a severe form of malaria that affects brain function.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. People who consume higher amounts of vitamin A in the diet seem to have a slightly lower risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Ovarian cancer. Early research suggests that taking vitamin A does not reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Overall mortality. Taking vitamin A does not seem to reduce the risk of death in healthy adults. Some research suggests that giving vitamin A to children aged 6 months to 5 years might decrease the risk of death, especially in those at risk for vitamin deficiency. But conflicting results exist.
Pancreatic cancer. Taking vitamin A along with beta-carotene does not seem to prevent pancreatic cancer.
Parkinson's disease. Early research suggests that blood levels or dietary intake of vitamin A are not associated with risk of Parkinson's disease.
Recovery from laser eye surgery (photoreactive keratectomy). Taking vitamin A by mouth along with vitamin E seems to improve healing after laser eye surgery.
Prostate cancer. Vitamin A intake from the diet does not seem to be linked with a reduced risk of prostate cancer.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Glaucoma.
Improving immune function.
Preventing and speeding recovery from infections.
Promoting good vision.
Relieving hay fever symptoms.
Wound healing.
Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate vitamin A for these uses.

Side Effects

Vitamin A is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth or given as a shot into the muscle in amounts less than 10,000 IU daily.

Vitamin A is POSSBILY UNSAFE when taken by mouth in high doses. Some scientific research suggests that higher doses might increase the risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture, particularly in older people. Adults who eat low-fat dairy products, which are fortified with vitamin A, and a lot of fruits and vegetables usually do not need vitamin A supplements or multivitamins that contain vitamin A.

Long-term use of large amounts of vitamin A might cause serious side effects including fatigue, irritability, mental changes, anorexia, stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, mild fever, excessive sweating, and many other side effects. In women who have passed menopause, taking too much vitamin A can increase the risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture.

There is growing concern that taking high doses of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin A might do more harm than good. Some research shows that taking high doses of vitamin A supplements might increase the chance of death from all causes and possibly other serious side effects.

Vitamin A is LIKELY SAFE for children when taken in the recommended amounts. The maximum amounts of vitamin A that are safe for children are based on age:

Less than 2000 IU/day in children up to 3 years old.
Less than 3000 IU/day in children ages 4 to 8 years old.
Less than 5700 IU/day in children ages 9 to 13 years old.
Less than 9300 IU/day in children ages 14 to 18 years old.

Vitamin A is POSSIBLY UNSAFE for children when taken by mouth in high doses. When amounts greater than those recommended are taken, side effects can include irritability, sleepiness, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of consciousness, headache, vision problems, peeling skin, increased risk of pneumonia and diarrhea, and other problems.

QUESTION

What causes dry eyes? See Answer

Precautions

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Vitamin A is LIKELY SAFE for pregnant or breast-feeding women when taken in recommended amounts of less than 10,000 IU per day. Larger amounts are POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Vitamin A can cause birth defects. It is especially important for pregnant women to monitor their intake of vitamin A from all sources during the first three months of pregnancy. Forms of vitamin A are found in several foods including animal products, primarily liver, some fortified breakfast cereals, and dietary supplements.

Excessive use of alcohol: Drinking alcohol may increase vitamin A's potentially harmful effects on the liver.

Anemia: People who are anemic and have low levels of vitamin A might need to take iron along with a vitamin A supplement to treat this condition.

Disorders in which the body does not absorb fat properly: People with conditions that affect fat absorption, such as celiac disease, short gut syndrome, jaundice, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic disease, and cirrhosis of the liver, are not able to absorb vitamin A properly. To improve vitamin A absorption, these people should use vitamin A preparations that are water-soluble.

A type of high cholesterol called "Type V hyperlipoproteinemia": This condition might increase the chance of vitamin A poisoning. Do not take vitamin A if you have this condition.

Intestinal infections: Intestinal infections such as hookworm can reduce how much vitamin A the body absorbs.

Liver disease: Too much vitamin A might make liver disease worse. Do not take vitamin A if you have liver disease.

Malnutrition: In people with severe protein malnutrition, taking vitamin A might result in having too much vitamin A in the body.

Zinc deficiency: Zinc deficiency might cause symptoms of vitamin A deficiency to occur. Taking a combination of vitamin A and zinc supplements might be necessary to improve this condition.

Interactions

Medications for skin conditions (Retinoids)Interaction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.

Some medications for skin conditions have vitamin A effects. Taking vitamin A pills and these medications for skin conditions could cause too much vitamin A effects and side effects.

Antibiotics (Tetracycline antibiotics)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Vitamin A can interact with some antibiotics. Taking very large amounts of vitamin A along with some antibiotics can increase the chance of a serious side effect called intracranial hypertension. However, taking normal doses of vitamin A along with tetracyclines does not seem to cause this problem. Do not take large amounts of vitamin A if you are taking antibiotics.

Some of these antibiotics include demeclocycline (Declomycin), minocycline (Minocin), and tetracycline (Achromycin).

Medications that can harm the liver (Hepatotoxic drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Taking large amounts of vitamin A might harm the liver. Taking large amounts of vitamin A along with medications that might also harm the liver can increase the risk of liver damage. Do not take large amounts of vitamin A if you are taking a medication that can harm the liver.

Some medications that can harm the liver include acetaminophen (Tylenol and others), amiodarone (Cordarone), carbamazepine (Tegretol), isoniazid (INH), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), methyldopa (Aldomet), fluconazole (Diflucan), itraconazole (Sporanox), erythromycin (Erythrocin, Ilosone, others), phenytoin (Dilantin), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), and many others.

Warfarin (Coumadin)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Large amounts of vitamin A can also slow blood clotting. Taking vitamin A along with warfarin (Coumadin) can increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.

Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

ADULTS

BY MOUTH:

General: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) levels for adults have been established: men 14 years and older, 900 mcg/day (3000 IU); women 14 years and older, 700 mcg/day (2300 IU); pregnancy 14 to 18 years, 750 mcg/day (2500 IU); 19 years and older, 770 mcg/day (2600 IU); lactation 14 to 18 years, 1200 mcg/day (4000 IU); 19 years and older, 1300 mcg/day (4300 IU). Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for vitamin A have also been established. The UL is the highest level of intake that is likely to pose no risk of harmful effects. The ULs for vitamin A are for preformed vitamin A (retinol) and do not include provitamin A carotenoids: adolescents 14 to 18 years (including pregnancy and lactation), 2800 mcg/day (9000 IU); adults age 19 and older (including pregnancy and lactation), 3000 mcg/day (10,000 IU).

For precancerous lesions in the mouth (oral leukoplakia): Weekly dose of 200,000-300,000 IU of vitamin A has been used for 6-12 months.
For reducing death during pregnancy: Weekly doses of 23,000 IU of vitamin E have been used before and during pregnancy.
For reducing night blindness during pregnancy: Weekly doses of 23,000 IU of vitamin E have been used before, during, and after pregnancy. It seems to work best if taken in combination with 35 mg of zinc daily in women who also have low levels of zinc.
For diarrhea after pregnancy: Weekly doses of 23,000 IU of vitamin E have been used before, during, and after pregnancy.
For eye disease affecting the retina (retinitis pigmentosa): Daily doses of 15,000 IU of vitamin A, sometimes along with 400 IU of vitamin E daily, has been used.

CHILDREN

BY MOUTH:

General: Adequate Intake (AI) levels of vitamin A for infants have been established: birth to 6 months, 400 mcg/day (1300 IU); 7 to 12 months, 500 mcg/day (1700 IU).

For measles: Vitamin A 100,000 to 200,000 IU orally for at least two doses has been used in children less than 2 years-old.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

Abba, K., Sudarsanam, T. D., Grobler, L., and Volmink, J. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(4):CD006086. View abstract.

Acosta, C. J., Galindo, C. M., Schellenberg, D., Aponte, J. J., Kahigwa, E., Urassa, H., Schellenberg, J. R., Masanja, H., Hayes, R., Kitua, A. Y., Lwilla, F., Mshinda, H., Menendez, C., Tanner, M., and Alonso, P. L. Evaluation of the SPf66 vaccine for malaria control when delivered through the EPI scheme in Tanzania. Trop.Med Int Health 1999;4(5):368-376. View abstract.

Agarwal DK, Pandey CM, and Agarwal KN. Vitamin A administration and preschool child mortality. Nutrition Research 1995;15(5):669-680.

Agarwal KN, Agarwal DK, and Pandey CM. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity pattern in rural pre-school children. Indian J Prev Soc Med 1998;29:14-24.

Agte, V. and Tarwadi, K. The importance of nutrition in the prevention of ocular disease with special reference to cataract. Ophthalmic Res 2010;44(3):166-172. View abstract.

Aguayo, V. M., Kahn, S., Ismael, C., and Meershoek, S. Vitamin A deficiency and child mortality in Mozambique. Public Health Nutr 2005;8(1):29-31. View abstract.

Ajans, Z. A., Sarrif, A., and Husbands, M. Inluence of vitamin A on human colostrum and early milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1965;17(3):139-142. View abstract.

Alarcon, K., Kolsteren, P. W., Prada, A. M., Chian, A. M., Velarde, R. E., Pecho, I. L., and Hoeree, T. F. Effects of separate delivery of zinc or zinc and vitamin A on hemoglobin response, growth, and diarrhea in young Peruvian children receiving iron therapy for anemia. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1276-1282. View abstract.

Albrecht, L., Bourcier, M., Ashkenas, J., Papp, K., Shear, N., Toole, J., Vender, R., and Wasel, N. Topical psoriasis therapy in the age of biologics: evidence-based treatment recommendations. J Cutan.Med.Surg. 2011;15(6):309-321. View abstract.

Allen, S., Britton, J. R., and Leonardi-Bee, J. A. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcome measures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2009;64(7):610-619. View abstract.

Allsup, S. J., Shenkin, A., Gosney, M. A., Taylor, S., Taylor, W., Hammond, M., and Zambon, M. C. Can a short period of micronutrient supplementation in older institutionalized people improve response to influenza vaccine? A randomized, controlled trial. J Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2004;52(1):20-24. View abstract.

Alonso, P. L., Sacarlal, J., Aponte, J. J., Leach, A., Macete, E., Milman, J., Mandomando, I., Spiessens, B., Guinovart, C., Espasa, M., Bassat, Q., Aide, P., Ofori-Anyinam, O., Navia, M. M., Corachan, S., Ceuppens, M., Dubois, M. C., Demoitie, M. A., Dubovsky, F., Menendez, C., Tornieporth, N., Ballou, W. R., Thompson, R., and Cohen, J. Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 10-16-2004;364(9443):1411-1420. View abstract.

Alonso, P. L., Smith, T., Schellenberg, J. R., Masanja, H., Mwankusye, S., Urassa, H., Bastos, de Azevedo, I, Chongela, J., Kobero, S., Menendez, C., and . Randomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Lancet 10-29-1994;344(8931):1175-1181. View abstract.

Ambalavanan, N., Wu, T. J., Tyson, J. E., Kennedy, K. A., Roane, C., and Carlo, W. A. A comparison of three vitamin A dosing regimens in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 2003;142(6):656-661. View abstract.

Andreano, J. M., Bergfeld, W. F., and Medendorp, S. V. Tretinoin emollient cream 0.01% for the treatment of photoaged skin. Cleve.Clin J Med 1993;60(1):49-55. View abstract.

Andreone, P., Fiorino, S., Cursaro, C., Gramenzi, A., Margotti, M., Di, Giammarino L., Biselli, M., Miniero, R., Gasbarrini, G., and Bernardi, M. Vitamin E as treatment for chronic hepatitis B: results of a randomized controlled pilot trial. Antiviral Res 2001;49(2):75-81. View abstract.

Aponte, J. J., Aide, P., Renom, M., Mandomando, I., Bassat, Q., Sacarlal, J., Manaca, M. N., Lafuente, S., Barbosa, A., Leach, A., Lievens, M., Vekemans, J., Sigauque, B., Dubois, M. C., Demoitie, M. A., Sillman, M., Savarese, B., McNeil, J. G., Macete, E., Ballou, W. R., Cohen, J., and Alonso, P. L. Safety of the RTS,S/AS02D candidate malaria vaccine in infants living in a highly endemic area of Mozambique: a double blind randomised controlled phase I/IIb trial. Lancet 11-3-2007;370(9598):1543-1551. View abstract.

Arifeen S. Multiple micronutrient supplementation of women during pregnancy. UNICEF Workshop Report 2006;

Armijos, R. X., Weigel, M. M., Chacon, R., Flores, L., and Campos, A. Adjunctive micronutrient supplementation for pulmonary tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex. 2010;52(3):185-189. View abstract.

Arrieta, O., Gonzalez-De la Rosa CH, Arechaga-Ocampo, E., Villanueva-Rodriguez, G., Ceron-Lizarraga, T. L., Martinez-Barrera, L., Vazquez-Manriquez, M. E., Rios-Trejo, M. A., Alvarez-Avitia, M. A., Hernandez-Pedro, N., Rojas-Marin, C., and De la Garza, J. Randomized phase II trial of All-trans-retinoic acid with chemotherapy based on paclitaxel and cisplatin as first-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 7-20-2010;28(21):3463-3471. View abstract.

Arthur, P., Kirkwood, B., Ross, D., Morris, S., Gyapong, J., Tomkins, A., and Addy, H. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity in northern Ghana. Lancet 2-8-1992;339(8789):361-362. View abstract.

Assantachai, P. and Lekhakula, S. Epidemiological survey of vitamin deficiencies in older Thai adults: implications for national policy planning. Public Health Nutr 2007;10(1):65-70. View abstract.

Aune, D., Chan, D. S., Vieira, A. R., Navarro Rosenblatt, D. A., Vieira, R., Greenwood, D. C., and Norat, T. Dietary compared with blood concentrations of carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96(2):356-373. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Campbell, M. K., Cook, J. A., Hannaford, P. C., Kilonzo, M. M., McNeill, G., Milne, A. C., Ramsay, C. R., Seymour, D. G., Stephen, A. I., and Vale, L. D. Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplements on morbidity from infections in older people (MAVIS trial): pragmatic, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 8-6-2005;331(7512):324-329. View abstract.

Awasthi S, Peto R Bundy D et al. Six-monthly vitamin A supplementation from 1 to 6 years of age. Abstract of talk at ILSI Micronutrient Forum, Istanbul 2007;

Ayah, R. A., Mwaniki, D. L., Magnussen, P., Tedstone, A. E., Marshall, T., Alusala, D., Luoba, A., Kaestel, P., Michaelsen, K. F., and Friis, H. The effects of maternal and infant vitamin A supplementation on vitamin A status: a randomised trial in Kenya. Br J Nutr 2007;98(2):422-430. View abstract.

Baer, T. Capacitor modification to the Schenck and Metcalf N(2) laser. Appl.Opt. 12-1-1976;15(12) View abstract.

Baeten, J. M., McClelland, R. S., Overbaugh, J., Richardson, B. A., Emery, S., Lavreys, L., Mandaliya, K., Bankson, D. D., Ndinya-Achola, J. O., Bwayo, J. J., and Kreiss, J. K. Vitamin A supplementation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding in women: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Infect.Dis 4-15-2002;185(8):1187-1191. View abstract.

Bahl, R., Bhandari, N., Taneja, S., and Bhan, M. K. The impact of vitamin A supplementation on physical growth of children is dependent on season. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(1):26-29. View abstract.

Bai XC, Ma Y Song GQ. The Combination treatment of arsenic trioxide and Alltrans-retinoic acid in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ning Xia Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2007;29:502-504.

Bailey, E. E., Ference, E. H., Alikhan, A., Hession, M. T., and Armstrong, A. W. Combination treatments for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch.Dermatol. 2012;148(4):511-522. View abstract.

Banerjee S, Jeyaseelan S Guleria R. Trial of lycopene to prevent pre-eclampsia in healthy primigravidas: results show some adverse effects. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2009;35:477-482.

Baqui, A. H., de, Francisco A., Arifeen, S. E., Siddique, A. K., and Sack, R. B. Bulging fontanelle after supplementation with 25,000 IU of vitamin A in infancy using immunization contacts. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84(8):863-866. View abstract.

Barclay, A. J., Foster, A., and Sommer, A. Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1-31-1987;294(6567):294-296. View abstract.

Barel AO, Delune M, Clarys P, and Gabard B. Treatment of photodamaged facial skin with topical tretinoin: a blinded, vehiclecontrolled half-side study. Nouvelles Dermatologiques 1995;14:585-591.

Barreto, M. L., Santos, L. M., Assis, A. M., Araujo, M. P., Farenzena, G. G., Santos, P. A., and Fiaccone, R. L. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet 7-23-1994;344(8917):228-231. View abstract.

Bath-Hextall, F., Leonardi-Bee, J., Somchand, N., Webster, A., Delitt, J., and Perkins, W. Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(4):CD005414. View abstract.

Bavinck, J. N., Tieben, L. M., Van der Woude, F. J., Tegzess, A. M., Hermans, J., ter, Schegget J., and Vermeer, B. J. Prevention of skin cancer and reduction of keratotic skin lesions during acitretin therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(8):1933-1938. View abstract.

Beaton GH, Martorell R, Aronson KA, Edmonston B, McCabe G, and Ross AC. La suplementación con vitamina A y la morbilidad y mortalidad infantil en los países en desarrollo. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1994;117:506-518.

Bedri, A., Gudetta, B., Isehak, A., Kumbi, S., Lulseged, S., Mengistu, Y., Bhore, A. V., Bhosale, R., Varadhrajan, V., Gupte, N., Sastry, J., Suryavanshi, N., Tripathy, S., Mmiro, F., Mubiru, M., Onyango, C., Taylor, A., Musoke, P., Nakabiito, C., Abashawl, A., Adamu, R., Antelman, G., Bollinger, R. C., Bright, P., Chaudhary, M. A., Coberly, J., Guay, L., Fowler, M. G., Gupta, A., Hassen, E., Jackson, J. B., Moulton, L. H., Nayak, U., Omer, S. B., Propper, L., Ram, M., Rexroad, V., Ruff, A. J., Shankar, A., and Zwerski, S. Extended-dose nevirapine to 6 weeks of age for infants to prevent HIV transmission via breastfeeding in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda: an analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet 7-26-2008;372(9635):300-313. View abstract.

Bejon, P., Mwacharo, J., Kai, O., Mwangi, T., Milligan, P., Todryk, S., Keating, S., Lang, T., Lowe, B., Gikonyo, C., Molyneux, C., Fegan, G., Gilbert, S. C., Peshu, N., Marsh, K., and Hill, A. V. A phase 2b randomised trial of the candidate malaria vaccines FP9 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP among children in Kenya. PLoS.Clin Trials 2006;1(6):e29. View abstract.

Bello, S., Meremikwu, M. M., Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., and Oduwole, O. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(4):CD007719. View abstract.

Bellos, F. and Mahlknecht, U. Valproic acid and all-trans retinoic acid: meta-analysis of a palliative treatment regimen in AML and MDS patients. Onkologie. 2008;31(11):629-633. View abstract.

Benn, C. S., Aaby, P., Bale, C., Olsen, J., Michaelsen, K. F., George, E., and Whittle, H. Randomised trial of effect of vitamin A supplementation on antibody response to measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau, west Africa. Lancet 7-12-1997;350(9071):101-105. View abstract.

Benn, C. S., Diness, B. R., Roth, A., Nante, E., Fisker, A. B., Lisse, I. M., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Whittle, H., Rodrigues, A., and Aaby, P. Effect of 50,000 IU vitamin A given with BCG vaccine on mortality in infants in Guinea-Bissau: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 6-21-2008;336(7658):1416-1420. View abstract.

Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. B., Napirna, B. M., Roth, A., Diness, B. R., Lausch, K. R., Ravn, H., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Rodrigues, A., Whittle, H., and Aaby, P. Vitamin A supplementation and BCG vaccination at birth in low birthweight neonates: two by two factorial randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c1101. View abstract.

Bental R.Y., Cooper PA, Cummins RR, Sandler DL, Wainer S, and Rotschild A. Vitamin A therapy - effects on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. S.Afr.J.Food Sci.Nutr 1994;6:141-145.

Berbis, P., Geiger, J. M., Vaisse, C., Rognin, C., and Privat, Y. Benefit of progressively increasing doses during the initial treatment with acitretin in psoriasis. Dermatologica 1989;178(2):88-92. View abstract.

Bernstein, C. N., Nugent, Z., Longobardi, T., and Blanchard, J. F. Isotretinoin is not associated with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(11):2774-2778. View abstract.

Bhandari, N., Bahl, R., and Taneja, S. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on linear growth of children. Br.J Nutr. 2001;85 Suppl 2:S131-S137. View abstract.

Bhandari, N., Bhan, M. K., and Sazawal, S. Impact of massive dose of vitamin A given to preschool children with acute diarrhoea on subsequent respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity. BMJ 11-26-1994;309(6966):1404-1407. View abstract.

Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, Nair M, and Sivakumar B. Vitamin A deficiency in infants: effects of postnatal maternal vitamin A supplementation on the growth and vitamin A status. Nutrition Research 2000;20:769-778.

Bhaskaram, P. and Balakrishna, N. Effect of administration of 200,000 IU of vitamin A to women within 24 hrs after delivery on response to PPV administered to the newborn. Indian Pediatr 1998;35(3):217-222. View abstract.

Bhutta, Z. A., Ahmed, T., Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B. A., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S. S., Sachdev, H. P., and Shekar, M. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 2-2-2008;371(9610):417-440. View abstract.

Binka, F. N., Kubaje, A., Adjuik, M., Williams, L. A., Lengeler, C., Maude, G. H., Armah, G. E., Kajihara, B., Adiamah, J. H., and Smith, P. G. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop.Med Int Health 1996;1(2):147-154. View abstract.

Biswas, R., Biswas, A. B., Manna, B., Bhattacharya, S. K., Dey, R., and Sarkar, S. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infection in children. A double blind placebo controlled trial in a Calcutta slum community. Eur J Epidemiol 1994;10(1):57-61. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., Bjelakovic, M., Nagorni, A., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for liver diseases. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(3):CD007749. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., Bjelakovic, M., Nagorni, A., and Gluud, C. Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for liver diseases - the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;32(3):356-367. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;3:CD007176. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;(4):CD004183. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(3):CD004183. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Systematic review and meta-analysis: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 6-30-2008; View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Systematic review: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 9-15-2008;28(6):689-703. View abstract.

Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., and Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic efficacy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treat.Rev. 2007;33(5):407-418. View abstract.

Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., and Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Int.J Cancer 9-15-2008;123(6):1227-1239. View abstract.

Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., Egger, R. J., Speek, A. J., Schrijver, J., Saowakontha, S., and Schreurs, W. H. Iron metabolism and vitamin A deficiency in children in northeast Thailand. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1989;50(2):332-338. View abstract.

Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., van Agtmaal, E. J., Speek, A. J., Saowakontha, S., and Schreurs, W. H. Vitamin A intervention: short-term effects of a single, oral, massive dose on iron metabolism. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1990;51(1):76-79. View abstract.

Blumenschein, G. R., Jr., Khuri, F. R., von, Pawel J., Gatzemeier, U., Miller, W. H., Jr., Jotte, R. M., Le, Treut J., Sun, S. L., Zhang, J. K., Dziewanowska, Z. E., and Negro-Vilar, A. Phase III trial comparing carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bexarotene with carboplatin and paclitaxel in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: SPIRIT II. J Clin.Oncol. 4-10-2008;26(11):1879-1885. View abstract.

Bobat, R., Coovadia, H., Stephen, C., Naidoo, K. L., McKerrow, N., Black, R. E., and Moss, W. J. Safety and efficacy of zinc supplementation for children with HIV-1 infection in South Africa: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 11-26-2005;366(9500):1862-1867. View abstract.

Bodsworth, N. J., Bloch, M., Bower, M., Donnell, D., and Yocum, R. Phase III vehicle-controlled, multi-centered study of topical alitretinoin gel 0.1% in cutaneous AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2(2):77-87. View abstract.

Bohlke, K., Spiegelman, D., Trichopoulou, A., Katsouyanni, K., and Trichopoulos, D. Vitamins A, C and E and the risk of breast cancer: results from a case-control study in Greece. Br.J Cancer 1999;79(1):23-29. View abstract.

Bojang, K. A., Obaro, S. K., D'Alessandro, U., Bennett, S., Langerock, P., Targett, G. A., and Greenwood, B. M. An efficacy trial of the malaria vaccine SPf66 in Gambian infants--second year of follow-up. Vaccine 1998;16(1):62-67. View abstract.

Bolling, B. W., Chen, C. Y., McKay, D. L., and Blumberg, J. B. Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. Nutr.Res.Rev. 2011;24(2):244-275. View abstract.

Bonelli L, Camoriano A, Ravelli P, Missale G, Bruzzi P, and Aste H. Reduction of the incidence of metachronous adenomas of the large bowel by means of antioxidants. Proceedings of International Sele- nium Tellurium Development Association. Brussels, Bel- gium: Se-Te Press. 1998;91-94.

Bonifant, C. M., Shevill, E., and Chang, A. B. Vitamin A supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;8:CD006751. View abstract.

Bonilla-Fernandez, P., Lopez-Cervantes, M., Torres-Sanchez, L. E., Tortolero-Luna, G., and Lopez-Carrillo, L. Nutritional factors and breast cancer in Mexico. Nutr Cancer 2003;45(2):148-155. View abstract.

Borooah, S., Collins, C., Wright, A., and Dhillon, B. Late-onset retinal macular degeneration: clinical insights into an inherited retinal degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93(3):284-289. View abstract.

Borooah, S., Collins, C., Wright, A., and Dhillon, B. Late-onset retinal macular degeneration: clinical insights into an inherited retinal degeneration. Postgrad.Med J 2009;85(1007):495-500. View abstract.

Boulinguez, S. [News on psoriasis from the 2010 Dermatology Days in Paris]. Ann.Dermatol.Venereol. 2011;138(5 Suppl 1):H1-H5. View abstract.

Bowman, S., Gold, M., Nasir, A., and Vamvakias, G. Comparison of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin plus clindamycin, and the combination of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin plus clindamycin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, blinded study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(5):611-618. View abstract.

Brabin, L. and Brabin, B. J. The cost of successful adolescent growth and development in girls in relation to iron and vitamin A status. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55(5):955-958. View abstract.

Brock, K. E., Berry, G., Mock, P. A., MacLennan, R., Truswell, A. S., and Brinton, L. A. Nutrients in diet and plasma and risk of in situ cervical cancer. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 6-15-1988;80(8):580-585. View abstract.

Brown, N. and Roberts, C. Vitamin A for acute respiratory infection in developing countries: a meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93(11):1437-1442. View abstract.

Buajeeb, W., Kraivaphan, P., and Pobrurksa, C. Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg.Oral Med.Oral Pathol.Oral Radiol.Endod. 1997;83(1):21-25. View abstract.

Butcher, G. P., Rhodes, J. M., Walker, R., Krasner, N., and Jackson, M. J. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification. J Hepatol. 1993;19(1):105-109. View abstract.

Canter, P. H., Wider, B., and Ernst, E. The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2007;46(8):1223-1233. View abstract.

Carpenter, K. J., Roberts, S., and Sternberg, S. Nutrition and immune function: a 1992 report. Lancet 6-28-2003;361(9376):2247-2248. View abstract.

Cartmel, B., Moon, T. E., and Levine, N. Effects of long-term intake of retinol on selected clinical and laboratory indexes. Am J Clin.Nutr 1999;69(5):937-943. View abstract.

Challier, B., Perarnau, J. M., and Viel, J. F. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur.J Epidemiol. 1998;14(8):737-747. View abstract.

Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 11-7-1992;340(8828):1124-1127. View abstract.

Chandramohan, D., Owusu-Agyei, S., Carneiro, I., Awine, T., Amponsa-Achiano, K., Mensah, N., Jaffar, S., Baiden, R., Hodgson, A., Binka, F., and Greenwood, B. Cluster randomised trial of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants in area of high, seasonal transmission in Ghana. BMJ 10-1-2005;331(7519):727-733. View abstract.

Chang, A. B., Torzillo, P. J., Boyce, N. C., White, A. V., Stewart, P. M., Wheaton, G. R., Purdie, D. M., Wakerman, J., and Valery, P. C. Zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Indigenous Australian children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infection: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 2-6-2006;184(3):107-112. View abstract.

Chawla, P. K. and Puri, R. Impact of nutritional supplements on hematological profile of pregnant women. Indian Pediatr. 1995;32(8):876-880. View abstract.

Chen, H., Zhuo, Q., Yuan, W., Wang, J., and Wu, T. Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD006090. View abstract.

Chintu, C., Bhat, G. J., Walker, A. S., Mulenga, V., Sinyinza, F., Lishimpi, K., Farrelly, L., Kaganson, N., Zumla, A., Gillespie, S. H., Nunn, A. J., and Gibb, D. M. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 11-20-2004;364(9448):1865-1871. View abstract.

Cho, E., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Colditz, G. A., Feskanich, D., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Miller, A. B., Rohan, T. E., Sellers, T. A., Virtamo, J., Willett, W. C., and Smith-Warner, S. A. Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies. Int.J.Cancer 2-15-2006;118(4):970-978. View abstract.

Cho, E., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Chen, W. Y., Zhang, S. M., Colditz, G. A., and Willett, W. C. Premenopausal intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and carotenoids, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(8):713-720. View abstract.

Chowdhury, S., Kumar, R., Ganguly, N. K., Kumar, L., and Walia, B. N. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality. Indian J Med Sci 2002;56(6):259-264. View abstract.

Christian, P. Micronutrients, birth weight, and survival. Annu.Rev Nutr 8-21-2010;30:83-104. View abstract.

Christiansen, J. V., Holm, P., Moller, R., Reymann, F., and Schmidt, H. Etretinate (Tigason) and betamethasone valerate (Celeston valerate) in the treatment of psoriasis. A double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. Dermatologica 1982;165(3):204-207. View abstract.

Chu, K. J., Lai, E. C., Yao, X. P., Zhang, H. W., Lau, W. Y., Fu, X. H., Lu, C. D., Shi, J., and Cheng, S. Q. Vitamin analogues in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2010;33(3):120-126. View abstract.

Cisse, B., Sokhna, C., Boulanger, D., Milet, J., Ba, el H., Richardson, K., Hallett, R., Sutherland, C., Simondon, K., Simondon, F., Alexander, N., Gaye, O., Targett, G., Lines, J., Greenwood, B., and Trape, J. F. Seasonal intermittent preventive treatment with artesunate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of malaria in Senegalese children: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet 2-25-2006;367(9511):659-667. View abstract.

Clark, M. A study of four methods of nipple care offered to post partum mothers. N Z Nurs J 1985;78(6):16-18. View abstract.

Coles, C. L., Rahmathullah, L., Kanungo, R., Thulasiraj, R. D., Katz, J., Santhosham, M., and Tielsch, J. M. Vitamin A supplementation at birth delays pneumococcal colonization in South Indian infants. J Nutr 2001;131(2):255-261. View abstract.

Coodley, G. O., Coodley, M. K., Lusk, R., Green, T. R., Bakke, A. C., Wilson, D., Wachenheim, D., Sexton, G., and Salveson, C. Beta-carotene in HIV infection: an extended evaluation. AIDS 1996;10(9):967-973. View abstract.

Coodley, G. O., Nelson, H. D., Loveless, M. O., and Folk, C. Beta-carotene in HIV infection. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 1993;6(3):272-276. View abstract.

Cook, N. R., Albert, C. M., Gaziano, J. M., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J., Danielson, E., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch.Intern.Med. 8-13-2007;167(15):1610-1618. View abstract.

Cooper, K., Squires, H., Carroll, C., Papaioannou, D., Booth, A., Logan, R. F., Maguire, C., Hind, D., and Tappenden, P. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol.Assess. 2010;14(32):1-206. View abstract.

Coovadia, H. M., Rollins, N. C., Bland, R. M., Little, K., Coutsoudis, A., Bennish, M. L., and Newell, M. L. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. Lancet 3-31-2007;369(9567):1107-1116. View abstract.

Cortes-Jofre, M., Rueda, J. R., Corsini-Munoz, G., Fonseca-Cortes, C., Caraballoso, M., and Bonfill, Cosp, X. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;10:CD002141. View abstract.

Coutsoudis, A., Adhikari, M., Pillay, K., Kuhn, L., and Coovadia, H. M. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity of low-birth-weight neonates. S Afr Med J 2000;90(7):730-736. View abstract.

Coutsoudis, A., Bobat, R. A., Coovadia, H. M., Kuhn, L., Tsai, W. Y., and Stein, Z. A. The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women. Am J Public Health 1995;85(8 Pt 1):1076-1081. View abstract.

Coutsoudis, A., Broughton, M., and Coovadia, H. M. Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(5):890-895. View abstract.

Coutsoudis, A., Coovadia, H. M., Broughton, M., Salisbury, R. T., and Elson, I. Micronutrient utilisation during measles treated with vitamin A or placebo. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1991;61(3):199-204. View abstract.

Coutsoudis, A., Pillay, K., Spooner, E., Coovadia, H. M., Pembrey, L., and Newell, M. L. Routinely available cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and occurrence of respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity in infants born to HIV-infected mothers in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2005;95(5):339-345. View abstract.

Coutsoudis, A., Pillay, K., Spooner, E., Kuhn, L., and Coovadia, H. M. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. AIDS 8-20-1999;13(12):1517-1524. View abstract.

Cox, S. E., Staalsoe, T., Arthur, P., Bulmer, J. N., Tagbor, H., Hviid, L., Frost, C., Riley, E. M., and Kirkwood, B. R. Maternal vitamin A supplementation and immunity to malaria in pregnancy in Ghanaian primigravids. Trop.Med Int Health 2005;10(12):1286-1297. View abstract.

Creutzig, U., Zimmermann, M., Dworzak, M., Urban, C., Henze, G., Kremens, B., Lakomek, M., Bourquin, J. P., Stary, J., and Reinhardt, D. Favourable outcome of patients with childhood acute promyelocytic leukaemia after treatment with reduced cumulative anthracycline doses. Br.J Haematol. 2010;149(3):399-409. View abstract.

Crockett, S. D., Porter, C. Q., Martin, C. F., Sandler, R. S., and Kappelman, M. D. Isotretinoin use and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(9):1986-1993. View abstract.

Cunliffe, W. J., Poncet, M., Loesche, C., and Verschoore, M. A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of adapalene 0.1% gel versus tretinoin 0.025% gel in patients with acne vulgaris: a meta-analysis of five randomized trials. Br J Dermatol 1998;139 Suppl 52:48-56. View abstract.

Cyrulnik, A. A., Viola, K. V., Gewirtzman, A. J., and Cohen, S. R. High-dose isotretinoin in acne vulgaris: improved treatment outcomes and quality of life. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(9):1123-1130. View abstract.

Czeizel, A. E. Reduction of urinary tract and cardiovascular defects by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Am J Med Genet 3-15-1996;62(2):179-183. View abstract.

D'Alessandro, U., Olaleye, B. O., McGuire, W., Langerock, P., Bennett, S., Aikins, M. K., Thomson, M. C., Cham, M. K., Cham, B. A., and Greenwood, B. M. Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet 2-25-1995;345(8948):479-483. View abstract.

D'Souza, R. M. and D'Souza, R. Vitamin A for preventing secondary infections in children with measles--a systematic review. J Trop.Pediatr 2002;48(2):72-77. View abstract.

D'Souza, R. M. and D'Souza, R. Vitamin A for the treatment of children with measles--a systematic review. J Trop.Pediatr 2002;48(6):323-327. View abstract.

Danno, K. and Sugie, N. Combination therapy with low-dose etretinate and eicosapentaenoic acid for psoriasis vulgaris. J Dermatol. 1998;25(11):703-705. View abstract.

Darboe, M. K., Thurnham, D. I., Morgan, G., Adegbola, R. A., Secka, O., Solon, J. A., Jackson, S. J., Northrop-Clewes, C., Fulford, T. J., Doherty, C. P., and Prentice, A. M. Effectiveness of an early supplementation scheme of high-dose vitamin A versus standard WHO protocol in Gambian mothers and infants: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 6-23-2007;369(9579):2088-2096. View abstract.

Darlow, B. A. and Graham, P. J. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000501. View abstract.

Darlow, B. A. and Graham, P. J. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(4):CD000501. View abstract.

Darlow, B. A. and Graham, P. J. Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short and long-term morbidity in very low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD000501. View abstract.

Darlow, B. A. and Graham, P. J. Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birthweight infants. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(10):CD000501. View abstract.

Daulaire, N. M., Starbuck, E. S., Houston, R. M., Church, M. S., Stukel, T. A., and Pandey, M. R. Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population. BMJ 1-25-1992;304(6821):207-210. View abstract.

Davison, C., Ventre, K. M., Luchetti, M., and Randolph, A. G. Efficacy of interventions for bronchiolitis in critically ill infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004;5(5):482-489. View abstract.

de Botton, S., Coiteux, V., Chevret, S., Rayon, C., Vilmer, E., Sanz, M., de La, Serna J., Philippe, N., Baruchel, A., Leverger, G., Robert, A., San, Miguel J., Conde, E., Sotto, J. J., Bordessoule, D., Fegueux, N., Fey, M., Parry, A., Chomienne, C., Degos, L., and Fenaux, P. Outcome of childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans-retinoic acid and chemotherapy. J Clin.Oncol. 4-15-2004;22(8):1404-1412. View abstract.

de Francisco, ., Chakraborty, J., Chowdhury, H. R., Yunus, M., Baqui, A. H., Siddique, A. K., and Sack, R. B. Acute toxicity of vitamin A given with vaccines in infancy. Lancet 8-28-1993;342(8870):526-527. View abstract.

de Klerk, N. H., Musk, A. W., Ambrosini, G. L., Eccles, J. L., Hansen, J., Olsen, N., Watts, V. L., Lund, H. G., Pang, S. C., Beilby, J., and Hobbs, M. S. Vitamin A and cancer prevention II: comparison of the effects of retinol and beta-carotene. Int.J.Cancer 1-30-1998;75(3):362-367. View abstract.

de la Maza, M. P., Petermann, M., Bunout, D., and Hirsch, S. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation in alcoholic cirrhotics. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14(2):192-196. View abstract.

de Sevaux, R. G., Smit, J. V., de Jong, E. M., van de Kerkhof, P. C., and Hoitsma, A. J. Acitretin treatment of premalignant and malignant skin disorders in renal transplant recipients: clinical effects of a randomized trial comparing two doses of acitretin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(3):407-412. View abstract.

De-Regil, L. M., Suchdev, P. S., Vist, G. E., Walleser, S., and Pena-Rosas, J. P. Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(9):CD008959. View abstract.

Dedicoat, M., Vaithilingum, M., and Newton, R. Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-1 infected individuals with emphasis on resource poor settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD003256. View abstract.

Del Rosso, J. Q. Topical retinoids in the management of acne: the best path to clear results. Cutis 2004;74(4 Suppl):2-3. View abstract.

Dibley, M. J., Sadjimin, T., Kjolhede, C. L., and Moulton, L. H. Vitamin A supplementation fails to reduce incidence of acute respiratory illness and diarrhea in preschool-age Indonesian children. J Nutr 1996;126(2):434-442. View abstract.

DiGiovanna, J. J., Helfgott, R. K., Gerber, L. H., and Peck, G. L. Extraspinal tendon and ligament calcification associated with long-term therapy with etretinate. N.Engl.J Med. 11-6-1986;315(19):1177-1182. View abstract.

Dijkhuizen, M. A., Wieringa, F. T., West, C. E., and Muhilal. Zinc plus beta-carotene supplementation of pregnant women is superior to beta-carotene supplementation alone in improving vitamin A status in both mothers and infants. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1299-1307. View abstract.

Do, M. H., Lee, S. S., Jung, P. J., and Lee, M. H. Intake of dietary fat and vitamin in relation to breast cancer risk in Korean women: a case-control study. J Korean Med.Sci 2003;18(4):534-540. View abstract.

Dollimore, N., Cutts, F., Binka, F. N., Ross, D. A., Morris, S. S., and Smith, P. G. Measles incidence, case fatality, and delayed mortality in children with or without vitamin A supplementation in rural Ghana. Am J Epidemiol 10-15-1997;146(8):646-654. View abstract.

Donnen, P., Brasseur, D., Dramaix, M., Vertongen, F., Zihindula, M., Muhamiriza, M., and Hennart, P. Vitamin A supplementation but not deworming improves growth of malnourished preschool children in eastern Zaire. J Nutr 1998;128(8):1320-1327. View abstract.

Dorjgochoo, T., Shrubsole, M. J., Shu, X. O., Lu, W., Ruan, Z., Zheng, Y., Cai, H., Dai, Q., Gu, K., Gao, Y. T., and Zheng, W. Vitamin supplement use and risk for breast cancer: the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;111(2):269-278. View abstract.

Dubertret, L., Chastang, C., Beylot, C., Bazex, J., Rognin, C., and Touraine, R. Maintenance treatment of psoriasis by Tigason: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Br.J Dermatol. 1985;113(3):323-330. View abstract.

Ehrenpreis, E. D., Jani, A., Levitsky, J., Ahn, J., and Hong, J. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of retinol palmitate (vitamin A) for symptomatic chronic radiation proctopathy. Dis.Colon Rectum 2005;48(1):1-8. View abstract.

Eichler, K., Wieser, S., Ruthemann, I., and Brugger, U. Effects of micronutrient fortified milk and cereal food for infants and children: a systematic review. BMC.Public Health 2012;12:506. View abstract.

Elad, S., Epstein, J. B., von, Bultzingslowen, I, Drucker, S., Tzach, R., and Yarom, N. Topical immunomodulators for management of oral mucosal conditions, a systematic review; Part II: miscellaneous agents. Expert.Opin.Emerg.Drugs 2011;16(1):183-202. View abstract.

Ellison, J. B. INTENSIVE VITAMIN THERAPY IN MEASLES. Br Med J 10-15-1932;2(3745):708-711. View abstract.

Epstein, J. B. and Gorsky, M. Topical application of vitamin A to oral leukoplakia: A clinical case series. Cancer 9-15-1999;86(6):921-927. View abstract.

Etminan, M., Bird, S. T., Delaney, J. A., Bressler, B., and Brophy, J. M. Isotretinoin and risk for inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(2):216-220. View abstract.

Ettler, K. and Richards, B. Acitretin therapy for palmoplantar pustulosis combined with UVA and topical 8-MOP. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40(8):541-542. View abstract.

Evans, J. Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2008;22(6):751-760. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. and Lawrenson, J. G. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;11:CD000254. View abstract.

Ezquerra, G. M., Regana, M. S., and Millet, P. U. Combination of acitretin and oral calcitriol for treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. Acta Derm.Venereol. 2007;87(5):449-450. View abstract.

Fahmida, U., Rumawas, J. S., Utomo, B., Patmonodewo, S., and Schultink, W. Zinc-iron, but not zinc-alone supplementation, increased linear growth of stunted infants with low haemoglobin. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2007;16(2):301-309. View abstract.

Fawzi, W. W., Chalmers, T. C., Herrera, M. G., and Mosteller, F. Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality. A meta-analysis. JAMA 2-17-1993;269(7):898-903. View abstract.

Fawzi, W. W., Herrera, M. G., Willett, W. C., Nestel, P., el, Amin A., and Mohamed, K. A. The effect of vitamin A supplementation on the growth of preschool children in the Sudan. Am J Public Health 1997;87(8):1359-1362. View abstract.

Fawzi, W. W., Mbise, R., Spiegelman, D., Fataki, M., Hertzmark, E., and Ndossi, G. Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Pediatr 2000;137(5):660-667. View abstract.

Fawzi, W. W., Msamanga, G. I., Spiegelman, D., Urassa, E. J., McGrath, N., Mwakagile, D., Antelman, G., Mbise, R., Herrera, G., Kapiga, S., Willett, W., and Hunter, D. J. Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 5-16-1998;351(9114):1477-1482. View abstract.

Fawzi, W. W., Msamanga, G. I., Urassa, W., Hertzmark, E., Petraro, P., Willett, W. C., and Spiegelman, D. Vitamins and perinatal outcomes among HIV-negative women in Tanzania. N.Engl J Med 4-5-2007;356(14):1423-1431. View abstract.

Filteau, S. M., Morris, S. S., Raynes, J. G., Arthur, P., Ross, D. A., Kirkwood, B. R., Tomkins, A. M., and Gyapong, J. O. Vitamin A supplementation, morbidity, and serum acute-phase proteins in young Ghanaian children. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(2):434-438. View abstract.

Finklestein, J. Z., Krailo, M. D., Lenarsky, C., Ladisch, S., Blair, G. K., Reynolds, C. P., Sitarz, A. L., and Hammond, G. D. 13-cis-retinoic acid (NSC 122758) in the treatment of children with metastatic neuroblastoma unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy: report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Med.Pediatr.Oncol. 1992;20(4):307-311. View abstract.

Finzi, A. F., Ippolito, F., Panconesi, E., Giannotti, B., and Rebora, A. Cyclosporin therapy in psoriasis: recommendations for treatment. Italian Multicenter Study Group on Cyclosporin in Psoriasis. Dermatology 1993;187 Suppl 1:38-40. View abstract.

Fleming, A. F., Ghatoura, G. B., Harrison, K. A., Briggs, N. D., and Dunn, D. T. The prevention of anaemia in pregnancy in primigravidae in the guinea savanna of Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1986;80(2):211-233. View abstract.

Foged, E., Holm, P., Larsen, P. O., Laurberg, G., Reymann, F., Roesdahle, K., and Ullman, S. A randomized trial of etretinate (Tigason) in palmoplantar pustulosis. Dermatologica 1983;166(4):220-223. View abstract.

Foulkes, A. C., Grindlay, D. J., Griffiths, C. E., and Warren, R. B. What's new in psoriasis? An analysis of guidelines and systematic reviews published in 2009-2010. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 2011;36(6):585-589. View abstract.

Fredriksson, T. and Pettersson, U. Oral treatment of pustulosis palmo-plantaris with a new retinoid, Ro 10-9359. Dermatologica 1979;158(1):60-64. View abstract.

Frigg, M. Meta-analyses/meta-projects: a small but relevant contribution by Sight and Life to the prevention of vitamin A deficiency. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50 Suppl 3:S68-S69. View abstract.

Friis, H., Gomo, E., Nyazema, N., Ndhlovu, P., Krarup, H., Kaestel, P., and Michaelsen, K. F. Effect of multimicronutrient supplementation on gestational length and birth size: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind effectiveness trial in Zimbabwe. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(1):178-184. View abstract.

Fritz, H., Kennedy, D., Fergusson, D., Fernandes, R., Doucette, S., Cooley, K., Seely, A., Sagar, S., Wong, R., and Seely, D. Vitamin A and retinoid derivatives for lung cancer: a systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS.One. 2011;6(6):e21107. View abstract.

Fulan, H., Changxing, J., Baina, W. Y., Wencui, Z., Chunqing, L., Fan, W., Dandan, L., Dianjun, S., Tong, W., Da, P., and Yashuang, Z. Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Cancer Causes Control 2011;22(10):1383-1396. View abstract.

Gabbay, E., Zigmond, E., Pappo, O., Hemed, N., Rowe, M., Zabrecky, G., Cohen, R., and Ilan, Y. Antioxidant therapy for chronic hepatitis C after failure of interferon: results of phase II randomized, double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol 10-28-2007;13(40):5317-5323. View abstract.

Gaeta, G. M., Gombos, F., Femiano, F., Battista, C., Minghetti, P., Montanari, L., Satriano, R. A., and Argenziano, G. Acitretin and treatment of the oral leucoplakias. A model to have an active molecules release. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2000;14(6):473-478. View abstract.

Galli, F., Battistoni, A., Gambari, R., Pompella, A., Bragonzi, A., Pilolli, F., Iuliano, L., Piroddi, M., Dechecchi, M. C., and Cabrini, G. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in cystic fibrosis. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2012;1822(5):690-713. View abstract.

Gallicchio, L., Boyd, K., Matanoski, G., Tao, X. G., Chen, L., Lam, T. K., Shiels, M., Hammond, E., Robinson, K. A., Caulfield, L. E., Herman, J. G., Guallar, E., and Alberg, A. J. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(2):372-383. View abstract.

Gamble, R., Dunn, J., Dawson, A., Petersen, B., McLaughlin, L., Small, A., Kindle, S., and Dellavalle, R. P. Topical antimicrobial treatment of acne vulgaris: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin.Dermatol. 6-1-2012;13(3):141-152. View abstract.

Garcia-Closas, R., Castellsague, X., Bosch, X., and Gonzalez, C. A. The role of diet and nutrition in cervical carcinogenesis: a review of recent evidence. Int.J.Cancer 11-20-2005;117(4):629-637. View abstract.

Genton, B., Betuela, I., Felger, I., Al-Yaman, F., Anders, R. F., Saul, A., Rare, L., Baisor, M., Lorry, K., Brown, G. V., Pye, D., Irving, D. O., Smith, T. A., Beck, H. P., and Alpers, M. P. A recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine reduces Plasmodium falciparum density and exerts selective pressure on parasite populations in a phase 1-2b trial in Papua New Guinea. J Infect.Dis 3-15-2002;185(6):820-827. View abstract.

George, R., Weightman, W., Russ, G. R., Bannister, K. M., and Mathew, T. H. Acitretin for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Australas.J Dermatol 2002;43(4):269-273. View abstract.

Ghosh, C., Baker, J. A., Moysich, K. B., Rivera, R., Brasure, J. R., and McCann, S. E. Dietary intakes of selected nutrients and food groups and risk of cervical cancer. Nutr Cancer 2008;60(3):331-341. View abstract.

Giannetti, A., Coppini, M., Bertazzoni, M. G., Califano, A., Altieri, E., Pazzaglia, A., Lega, M., Lombardo, M., Pelfini, C., Veller, Fornasa C., Rabbiosi, G., and Cespa, M. Clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of oral etretinate with calcipotriol cream compared with etretinate alone in moderate-severe psoriasis. J Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 1999;13(2):91-95. View abstract.

Gilbert, M., Ellis, C. N., and Voorhees, J. J. Lack of skeletal radiographic changes during short-term etretinate therapy for psoriasis. Dermatologica 1986;172(3):160-163. View abstract.

Giles, G. and Ireland, P. Diet, nutrition and prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;Suppl 10:13-17. View abstract.

Giustina, T. A., Stewart, J. C., Ellis, C. N., Regezi, J. A., Annesley, T., Woo, T. Y., and Voorhees, J. J. Topical application of isotretinoin gel improves oral lichen planus. A double-blind study. Arch.Dermatol. 1986;122(5):534-536. View abstract.

Glasziou, P. P. and Mackerras, D. E. Vitamin A supplementation in infectious diseases: a meta-analysis. BMJ 2-6-1993;306(6874):366-370. View abstract.

Gogia, S. and Sachdev, H. S. Maternal postpartum vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in infancy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39(5):1217-1226. View abstract.

Gogia, S. and Sachdev, H. S. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in infancy: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009;338:b919. View abstract.

Gogia, S. and Sachdev, H. S. Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants six months of age or less. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(10):CD007480. View abstract.

Goldfarb, M. T., Ellis, C. N., Gupta, A. K., Tincoff, T., Hamilton, T. A., and Voorhees, J. J. Acitretin improves psoriasis in a dose-dependent fashion. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1988;18(4 Pt 1):655-662. View abstract.

Gollnick, H. P., Draelos, Z., Glenn, M. J., Rosoph, L. A., Kaszuba, A., Cornelison, R., Gore, B., Liu, Y., and Graeber, M. Adapalene-benzoyl peroxide, a unique fixed-dose combination topical gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a transatlantic, randomized, double-blind, controlled study in 1670 patients. Br.J Dermatol. 2009;161(5):1180-1189. View abstract.

Gollnick, H., Bauer, R., Brindley, C., Orfanos, C. E., Plewig, G., Wokalek, H., and Hoting, E. Acitretin versus etretinate in psoriasis. Clinical and pharmacokinetic results of a German multicenter study. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1988;19(3):458-468. View abstract.

Gomez-Flores, M., Garcia-Hidalgo, L., Fierro-Arias, L., Ruiz-Avila, J., Herz-Ruelas, M., and Garza-Gomez, J. [Position paper about isotretinoin on acne vulgaris]. Rev.Med.Inst.Mex.Seguro.Soc. 2011;49(3):281-288. View abstract.

Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Meyskens, F. L., Jr., Omenn, G. S., Valanis, B., and Williams, J. H., Jr. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial: incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping beta-carotene and retinol supplements. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-1-2004;96(23):1743-1750. View abstract.

Gopaldas, T., Gujral, S., and Abbi, R. Prevalence of xerophthalmia and efficacy of vitamin A prophylaxis in preventing xerophthalmia co-existing with malnutrition in rural Indian children. J Trop.Pediatr 1993;39(4):205-208. View abstract.

Graham et al. Diet in the epidemiology of breast cancer. Am J Epi- demiol 1982;116(1):68-75.

Graham, S., Zielezny, M., Marshall, J., Priore, R., Freudenheim, J., Brasure, J., Haughey, B., Nasca, P., and Zdeb, M. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 12-1-1992;136(11):1327-1337. View abstract.

Green, H. N., Pindar, D., Davis, G., and Mellanby, E. DIET AS A PROPHYLACTIC AGENT AGAINST PUERPERAL SEPSIS. Br Med J 10-3-1931;2(3691):595-598. View abstract.

Griffiths, C. E., Kang, S., Ellis, C. N., Kim, K. J., Finkel, L. J., Ortiz-Ferrer, L. C., White, G. M., Hamilton, T. A., and Voorhees, J. J. Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams. Arch Dermatol 1995;131(9):1037-1044. View abstract.

Grobusch, M. P., Lell, B., Schwarz, N. G., Gabor, J., Dornemann, J., Potschke, M., Oyakhirome, S., Kiessling, G. C., Necek, M., Langin, M. U., Klein, Klouwenberg P., Klopfer, A., Naumann, B., Altun, H., Agnandji, S. T., Goesch, J., Decker, M., Salazar, C. L., Supan, C., Kombila, D. U., Borchert, L., Koster, K. B., Pongratz, P., Adegnika, A. A., Glasenapp, I., Issifou, S., and Kremsner, P. G. Intermittent preventive treatment against malaria in infants in Gabon--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect.Dis 12-1-2007;196(11):1595-1602. View abstract.

Groenbaek, K., Friis, H., Hansen, M., Ring-Larsen, H., and Krarup, H. B. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on hepatitis C viral load, transaminases and oxidative status: a randomized trial among chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;18(9):985-989. View abstract.

Grotto, I., Mimouni, M., Gdalevich, M., and Mimouni, D. Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2003;142(3):297-304. View abstract.

Gueguen, S., Pirollet, P., Leroy, P., Guilland, J. C., Arnaud, J., Paille, F., Siest, G., Visvikis, S., Hercberg, S., and Herbeth, B. Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, xinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2003;22(4):303-310. View abstract.

Gupta, P. and Indrayan, A. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity and mortality: critical review of Indian studies. Indian Pediatr 2002;39(12):1099-1118. View abstract.

Habluetzel, A., Diallo, D. A., Esposito, F., Lamizana, L., Pagnoni, F., Lengeler, C., Traore, C., and Cousens, S. N. Do insecticide-treated curtains reduce all-cause child mortality in Burkina Faso? Trop.Med Int Health 1997;2(9):855-862. View abstract.

Hadi, H., Stoltzfus, R. J., Dibley, M. J., Moulton, L. H., West, K. P., Jr., Kjolhede, C. L., and Sadjimin, T. Vitamin A supplementation selectively improves the linear growth of indonesian preschool children: results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(2):507-513. View abstract.

Haider, B. A. and Bhutta, Z. A. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev 2006;(4):CD004905. View abstract.

Haider, B. A. and Bhutta, Z. A. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of mortality and morbidity in term neonates in developing countries. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(10):CD006980. View abstract.

Halkier-Sorensen, L. and Andresen, J. A retrospective study of bone changes in adults treated with etretinate. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1989;20(1):83-87. View abstract.

Hamerlynck, J. V., Middeldorp, S., and Scholten, R. J. [From the Cochrane Library: Improvement of photodamaged skin with retinoid creams and not with other local treatments]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 1-21-2006;150(3):140-142. View abstract.

Hanekom, W. A., Potgieter, S., Hughes, E. J., Malan, H., Kessow, G., and Hussey, G. D. Vitamin A status and therapy in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. J Pediatr 1997;131(6):925-927. View abstract.

Hanekom, W. A., Yogev, R., Heald, L. M., Edwards, K. M., Hussey, G. D., and Chadwick, E. G. Effect of vitamin A therapy on serologic responses and viral load changes after influenza vaccination in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr 2000;136(4):550-552. View abstract.

Hanson, B., MacDonald, R., and Shaukat, A. Endoscopic and medical therapy for chronic radiation proctopathy: a systematic review. Dis.Colon Rectum 2012;55(10):1081-1095. View abstract.

Harris, R. W., Forman, D., Doll, R., Vessey, M. P., and Wald, N. J. Cancer of the cervix uteri and vitamin A. Br.J Cancer 1986;53(5):653-659. View abstract.

Hercberg, S., Preziosi, P., Galan, P., Faure, H., Arnaud, J., Duport, N., Malvy, D., Roussel, A. M., Briancon, S., and Favier, A. "The SU.VI.MAX Study": a primary prevention trial using nutritional doses of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in cardiovascular diseases and cancers. SUpplementation on VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1999;37(9-10):925-930. View abstract.

Hernandez-Guerra, M., Garcia-Pagan, J. C., Turnes, J., Bellot, P., Deulofeu, R., Abraldes, J. G., and Bosch, J. Ascorbic acid improves the intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Hepatology 2006;43(3):485-491. View abstract.

Herrera, M. G., Nestel, P., el, Amin A., Fawzi, W. W., Mohamed, K. A., and Weld, L. Vitamin A supplementation and child survival. Lancet 8-1-1992;340(8814):267-271. View abstract.

Herrero-Barbudo, C., Olmedilla-Alonso, B., Granado-Lorencio, F., and Blanco-Navarro, I. Bioavailability of vitamins A and E from whole and vitamin-fortified milks in control subjects. Eur J Nutr 2006;45(7):391-398. View abstract.

Hill, J. and Bird, H. A. Failure of selenium-ace to improve osteoarthritis. Br.J Rheumatol. 1990;29(3):211-213. View abstract.

Hino, K., Murakami, Y., Nagai, A., Kitase, A., Hara, Y., Furutani, T., Ren, F., Yamaguchi, Y., Yutoku, K., Yamashita, S., Okuda, M., Okita, M., and Okita, K. Alpha-tocopherol [corrected] and ascorbic acid attenuates the ribavirin [corrected] induced decrease of eicosapentaenoic acid in erythrocyte membrane in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(8):1269-1275. View abstract.

Hogarth, M. B., Marshall, P., Lovat, L. B., Palmer, A. J., Frost, C. G., Fletcher, A. E., Nicholl, C. G., and Bulpitt, C. J. Nutritional supplementation in elderly medical in-patients: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing 1996;25(6):453-457. View abstract.

Hohl, D., Pelloni, F., Sigg, C., Gilardi, S., and Jung, T. A prospective study of skeletal changes during short-term acitretin therapy. Dermatology 1992;185(1):23-26. View abstract.

Hong, W. K., Endicott, J., Itri, L. M., Doos, W., Batsakis, J. G., Bell, R., Fofonoff, S., Byers, R., Atkinson, E. N., Vaughan, C., and . 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. N Engl.J Med 12-11-1986;315(24):1501-1505. View abstract.

Hopkins, R., Bird, H. A., Jones, H., Hill, J., Surrall, K. E., Astbury, C., Miller, A., and Wright, V. A double-blind controlled trial of etretinate (Tigason) and ibuprofen in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1985;44(3):189-193. View abstract.

Horvath, T., Madi, B. C., Iuppa, I. M., Kennedy, G. E., Rutherford, G., and Read, J. S. Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD006734. View abstract.

Hovdenak, N. and Haram, K. Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2012;164(2):127-132. View abstract.

Huiming, Y., Chaomin, W., and Meng, M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD001479. View abstract.

Humphrey, J. H. and Rice, A. L. Vitamin A supplementation of young infants. Lancet 7-29-2000;356(9227):422-424. View abstract.

Humphrey, J. H., Agoestina, T., Wu, L., Usman, A., Nurachim, M., Subardja, D., Hidayat, S., Tielsch, J., West, K. P., Jr., and Sommer, A. Impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant morbidity and mortality. J Pediatr 1996;128(4):489-496. View abstract.

Humphrey, J. H., Iliff, P. J., Marinda, E. T., Mutasa, K., Moulton, L. H., Chidawanyika, H., Ward, B. J., Nathoo, K. J., Malaba, L. C., Zijenah, L. S., Zvandasara, P., Ntozini, R., Mzengeza, F., Mahomva, A. I., Ruff, A. J., Mbizvo, M. T., and Zunguza, C. D. Effects of a single large dose of vitamin A, given during the postpartum period to HIV-positive women and their infants, on child HIV infection, HIV-free survival, and mortality. J Infect.Dis 3-15-2006;193(6):860-871. View abstract.

Humphrey, J. H., Quinn, T., Fine, D., Lederman, H., Yamini-Roodsari, S., Wu, L. S., Moeller, S., and Ruff, A. J. Short-term effects of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on viral load and immune response in HIV-infected women. J Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr.Hum Retrovirol. 1-1-1999;20(1):44-51. View abstract.

Humphreys, E. H., Smith, N. A., Azman, H., McLeod, D., and Rutherford, G. W. Prevention of diarrhoea in children with HIV infection or exposure to maternal HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(6):CD008563. View abstract.

Hussey G, Hughes J, Potgieter S, Kessow G, Burgess J, and Beatty D. Vitamin A status and supplementation and its effect on immunity in children with AIDS. XVII International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) Meeting, Guatemala City. 1996;81.

Hussey, G. D. and Klein, M. A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles. N Engl.J Med 7-19-1990;323(3):160-164. View abstract.

Ideo, G., Bellobuono, A., Tempini, S., Mondazzi, L., Airoldi, A., Benetti, G., Bissoli, F., Cestari, C., Colombo, E., Del, Poggio P., Fracassetti, O., Lazzaroni, S., Marelli, A., Paris, B., Prada, A., Rainer, E., and Roffi, L. Antioxidant drugs combined with alpha-interferon in chronic hepatitis C not responsive to alpha-interferon alone: a randomized, multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(11):1203-1207. View abstract.

Idindili, B., Masanja, H., Urassa, H., Bunini, W., van, Jaarsveld P., Aponte, J. J., Kahigwa, E., Mshinda, H., Ross, D., and Schellenberg, D. M. Randomized controlled safety and efficacy trial of 2 vitamin A supplementation schedules in Tanzanian infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(5):1312-1319. View abstract.

Imdad, A. and Bhutta, Z. A. Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool. BMC.Public Health 2011;11 Suppl 3:S22. View abstract.

Imdad, A., Herzer, K., Mayo-Wilson, E., Yakoob, M. Y., and Bhutta, Z. A. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from 6 months to 5 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(12):CD008524. View abstract.

Imdad, A., Sadiq, K., and Bhutta, Z. A. Evidence-based prevention of childhood malnutrition. Curr.Opin.Clin.Nutr Metab Care 2011;14(3):276-285. View abstract.

Inder, T. E., Graham, P. J., Winterbourn, C. C., Austin, N. C., and Darlow, B. A. Plasma vitamin A levels in the very low birthweight infant--relationship to respiratory outcome. Early Hum Dev. 1998;52(2):155-168. View abstract.

Irlam, J. H., Visser, M. E., Rollins, N., and Siegfried, N. Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2005;(4):CD003650. View abstract.

Irlam, J. H., Visser, M. M., Rollins, N. N., and Siegfried, N. Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(12):CD003650. View abstract.

Iscovich, J. M., Iscovich, R. B., Howe, G., Shiboski, S., and Kaldor, J. M. A case-control study of diet and breast cancer in Argentina. Int J Cancer 11-15-1989;44(5):770-776. View abstract.

Jackson, J. M., Fu, J. J., and Almekinder, J. L. A randomized, investigator-blinded trial to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of a benzoyl peroxide 5%/ clindamycin phosphate 1% gel compared with a clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/tretinoin 0.025% gel in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9(2):131-136. View abstract.

Jantti J, Vapaatalo H, Seppala E, Ruutsalo HM, and Isomäki H. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with fish oil, selenium, vitamins A and E, and placebo. Scand J Rheumatol 1991;20:225.

Julien, M. R., Gomes, A., Varandas, L., Rodrigues, P., Malveiro, F., Aguiar, P., Kolsteren, P., Stuyft, P., Hildebrand, K., Labadarios, D., and Ferrinho, P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vitamin A in Mozambican children hospitalized with nonmeasles acute lower respiratory tract infections. Trop.Med Int Health 1999;4(12):794-800. View abstract.

Kamangar, F., Qiao, Y. L., Yu, B., Sun, X. D., Abnet, C. C., Fan, J. H., Mark, S. D., Zhao, P., Dawsey, S. M., and Taylor, P. R. Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(8):1562-1564. View abstract.

Kang, S., Leyden, J. J., Lowe, N. J., Ortonne, J. P., Phillips, T. J., Weinstein, G. D., Bhawan, J., Lew-Kaya, D. A., Matsumoto, R. M., Sefton, J., Walker, P. S., and Gibson, J. R. Tazarotene cream for the treatment of facial photodamage: a multicenter, investigator-masked, randomized, vehicle-controlled, parallel comparison of 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% tazarotene creams with 0.05% tretinoin emollient cream applied once daily for 24 weeks. Arch Dermatol 2001;137(12):1597-1604. View abstract.

Kartasasmita, C. B., Rosmayudi, O., Deville, W., and Demedts, M. Plasma retinol level, vitamin A supplementation and acute respiratory infections in children of 1-5 years old in a developing country. Respiratory Diseases Working Group. Tuber.Lung Dis 1995;76(6):563-569. View abstract.

Karyadi, E., West, C. E., Schultink, W., Nelwan, R. H., Gross, R., Amin, Z., Dolmans, W. M., Schlebusch, H., and van der Meer, J. W. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of vitamin A and zinc supplementation in persons with tuberculosis in Indonesia: effects on clinical response and nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(4):720-727. View abstract.

Katsouyanni, K., Willett, W., Trichopoulos, D., Boyle, P., Trichopoulou, A., Vasilaros, S., Papadiamantis, J., and MacMahon, B. Risk of breast cancer among Greek women in relation to nutrient intake. Cancer 1-1-1988;61(1):181-185. View abstract.

Kawarazuka, N. and Bene, C. The potential role of small fish species in improving micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries: building evidence. Public Health Nutr 2011;14(11):1927-1938. View abstract.

Kawasaki, Y., Hosoya, M., Katayose, M., and Suzuki, H. [The efficacy of oral vitamin A supplementation for measles and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1999;73(2):104-109. View abstract.

Kennedy, C. M., Coutsoudis, A., Kuhn, L., Pillay, K., Mburu, A., Stein, Z., and Coovadia, H. Randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on maternal morbidity during pregnancy and postpartum among HIV-infected women. J Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 5-1-2000;24(1):37-44. View abstract.

Kennedy, K. A., Stoll, B. J., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Oh, W., Wright, L. L., Stevenson, D. K., Lemons, J. A., Sowell, A., Mele, L., Tyson, J. E., and Verter, J. Vitamin A to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very-low-birth-weight infants: has the dose been too low? The NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Early Hum Dev. 7-24-1997;49(1):19-31. View abstract.

Kilcoyne RF. Acitretin effects on the spine. Dermatologica 1990;181:359.

Kilcoyne, R. F. Effects of retinoids in bone. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1988;19(1 Pt 2):212-216. View abstract.

Kilonzo, M. M., Vale, L. D., Cook, J. A., Milne, A. C., Stephen, A. I., and Avenell, A. A cost-utility analysis of multivitamin and multimineral supplements in men and women aged 65 years and over. Clin.Nutr 2007;26(3):364-370. View abstract.

Kim, J., Kim, M. K., Lee, J. K., Kim, J. H., Son, S. K., Song, E. S., Lee, K. B., Lee, J. P., Lee, J. M., and Yun, Y. M. Intakes of vitamin A, C, and E, and beta-carotene are associated with risk of cervical cancer: a case-control study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2010;62(2):181-189. View abstract.

Kingston, T. P., Matt, L. H., and Lowe, N. J. Etretin therapy for severe psoriasis. Evaluation of initial clinical responses. Arch.Dermatol. 1987;123(1):55-58. View abstract.

Kirkwood, B. R., Gove, S., Rogers, S., Lob-Levyt, J., Arthur, P., and Campbell, H. Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 1995;73(6):793-798. View abstract.

Kirkwood, B. R., Hurt, L., Amenga-Etego, S., Tawiah, C., Zandoh, C., Danso, S., Hurt, C., Edmond, K., Hill, Z., Ten, Asbroek G., Fenty, J., Owusu-Agyei, S., Campbell, O., and Arthur, P. Effect of vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age on maternal survival in Ghana (ObaapaVitA): a cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 5-8-2010;375(9726):1640-1649. View abstract.

Kirkwood, B. R., Ross, D. A., Arthur, P., Morris, S. S., Dollimore, N., Binka, F. N., Shier, R. P., Gyapong, J. O., Addy, H. A., and Smith, P. G. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on the growth of young children in northern Ghana. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(5):773-781. View abstract.

Kjolhede, C. L., Chew, F. J., Gadomski, A. M., and Marroquin, D. P. Clinical trial of vitamin A as adjuvant treatment for lower respiratory tract infections. J Pediatr 1995;126(5 Pt 1):807-812. View abstract.

Klemm, R. D., Labrique, A. B., Christian, P., Rashid, M., Shamim, A. A., Katz, J., Sommer, A., and West, K. P., Jr. Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh. Pediatrics 2008;122(1):e242-e250. View abstract.

Kobbe, R., Kreuzberg, C., Adjei, S., Thompson, B., Langefeld, I., Thompson, P. A., Abruquah, H. H., Kreuels, B., Ayim, M., Busch, W., Marks, F., Amoah, K., Opoku, E., Meyer, C. G., Adjei, O., and May, J. A randomized controlled trial of extended intermittent preventive antimalarial treatment in infants. Clin Infect.Dis 7-1-2007;45(1):16-25. View abstract.

Kohler, J. A., Imeson, J., Ellershaw, C., and Lie, S. O. A randomized trial of 13-Cis retinoic acid in children with advanced neuroblastoma after high-dose therapy. Br.J Cancer 2000;83(9):1124-1127. View abstract.

Kolsteren, P., Rahman, S. R., Hilderbrand, K., and Diniz, A. Treatment for iron deficiency anaemia with a combined supplementation of iron, vitamin A and zinc in women of Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 1999;53(2):102-106. View abstract.

Kongnyuy, E. J., Wiysonge, C. S., and Shey, M. S. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of prenatal and postnatal vitamin A supplementation of HIV-infected women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;104(1):5-8. View abstract.

Kothari, G. The effect of vitamin A prophylaxis on morbidity and mortality among children in urban slums in Bombay. J Trop.Pediatr 1991;37(3):141. View abstract.

Kragballe, K., Jansen, C. T., Geiger, J. M., Bjerke, J. R., Falk, E. S., Gip, L., Hjorth, N., Lauharanta, J., Mork, N. J., Reunala, T., and . A double-blind comparison of acitretin and etretinate in the treatment of severe psoriasis. Results of a Nordic multicentre study. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1989;69(1):35-40. View abstract.

Kubo, A. and Corley, D. A. Meta-analysis of antioxidant intake and the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 2007;102(10):2323-2330. View abstract.

Kuhn, L., Aldrovandi, G. M., Sinkala, M., Kankasa, C., Semrau, K., Mwiya, M., Kasonde, P., Scott, N., Vwalika, C., Walter, J., Bulterys, M., Tsai, W. Y., and Thea, D. M. Effects of early, abrupt weaning on HIV-free survival of children in Zambia. N Engl.J Med 7-10-2008;359(2):130-141. View abstract.

Kullavanijaya, P. and Kulthanan, K. Clinical efficacy and side effects of acitretin on the disorders of keratinization: a one-year study. J Dermatol. 1993;20(8):501-506. View abstract.

Kumwenda, N. I., Hoover, D. R., Mofenson, L. M., Thigpen, M. C., Kafulafula, G., Li, Q., Mipando, L., Nkanaunena, K., Mebrahtu, T., Bulterys, M., Fowler, M. G., and Taha, T. E. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. N Engl.J Med 7-10-2008;359(2):119-129. View abstract.

Kumwenda, N., Miotti, P. G., Taha, T. E., Broadhead, R., Biggar, R. J., Jackson, J. B., Melikian, G., and Semba, R. D. Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Malawi. Clin Infect.Dis 9-1-2002;35(5):618-624. View abstract.

Kushi, L. H., Fee, R. M., Sellers, T. A., Zheng, W., and Folsom, A. R. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 7-15-1996;144(2):165-174. View abstract.

La Vecchia, C., Decarli, A., Fasoli, M., Parazzini, F., Franceschi, S., Gentile, A., and Negri, E. Dietary vitamin A and the risk of intraepithelial and invasive cervical neoplasia. Gynecol.Oncol. 1988;30(2):187-195. View abstract.

Lam, W. K. Lung cancer in Asian women-the environment and genes. Respirology. 2005;10(4):408-417. View abstract.

Landa, M. C., Frago, N., and Tres, A. Diet and the risk of breast cancer in Spain. Eur.J Cancer Prev. 1994;3(4):313-320. View abstract.

Lassus, A. and Geiger, J. M. Acitretin and etretinate in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: a double-blind comparative trial. Br.J Dermatol. 1988;119(6):755-759. View abstract.

Lassus, A., Geiger, J. M., Nyblom, M., Virrankoski, T., Kaartamaa, M., and Ingervo, L. Treatment of severe psoriasis with etretin (RO 10-1670). Br.J Dermatol. 1987;117(3):333-341. View abstract.

Lassus, A., Lauharanta, J., and Eskelinen, A. The effect of etretinate compared with different regimens of PUVA in the treatment of persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Br.J Dermatol. 1985;112(4):455-459. View abstract.

Lassus, A., Lauharanta, J., Juvakoski, T., and Kanerva, L. Efficacy of etretinate (Tigason) in clearing and prevention of relapse of palmoplantar pustulosis. Dermatologica 1983;166(4):215-219. View abstract.

Lauharanta, J. and Geiger, J. M. A double-blind comparison of acitretin and etretinate in combination with bath PUVA in the treatment of extensive psoriasis. Br.J Dermatol. 1989;121(1):107-112. View abstract.

Lawrence, C. M., Marks, J., Parker, S., and Shuster, S. A comparison of PUVA-etretinate and PUVA-placebo for palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br.J Dermatol. 1984;110(2):221-226. View abstract.

Lawson, L., Thacher, T. D., Yassin, M. A., Onuoha, N. A., Usman, A., Emenyonu, N. E., Shenkin, A., Davies, P. D., and Cuevas, L. E. Randomized controlled trial of zinc and vitamin A as co-adjuvants for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Trop.Med.Int Health 2010;15(12):1481-1490. View abstract.

Lazzeroni, M., Gandini, S., Puntoni, M., Bonanni, B., Gennari, A., and Decensi, A. The science behind vitamins and natural compounds for breast cancer prevention. Getting the most prevention out of it. Breast 2011;20 Suppl 3:S36-S41. View abstract.

Le Maitre, M. and Battistella, M. [Meetings of the Psoriasis Experts: recommendations for daily practice]. Ann.Dermatol.Venereol. 2011;138(2 Suppl 1):H8-10. View abstract.

Ledo, A., Martin, M., Geiger, J. M., and Marron, J. M. Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) in the treatment of severe psoriasis. A randomized double-blind parallel study comparing acitretin and etretinate. Int J Dermatol. 1988;27(9):656-660. View abstract.

Lee, E. and Koo, J. Single-center retrospective study of long-term use of low-dose acitretin (Soriatane) for psoriasis. J Dermatolog.Treat. 2004;15(1):8-13. View abstract.

Lee, J. W., Yoo, K. H., Park, K. Y., Han, T. Y., Li, K., Seo, S. J., and Hong, C. K. Effectiveness of conventional, low-dose and intermittent oral isotretinoin in the treatment of acne: a randomized, controlled comparative study. Br.J Dermatol. 2011;164(6):1369-1375. View abstract.

Lee, M. M., Chang, I. Y., Horng, C. F., Chang, J. S., Cheng, S. H., and Huang, A. Breast cancer and dietary factors in Taiwanese women. Cancer Causes Control 2005;16(8):929-937. View abstract.

Lehtovaara, P. and Ellfolk, N. Purification and properties of Phaseolus vulgaris leghemoglobin (PhLb). Acta Chem Scand.B 1975;29(1):56-60. View abstract.

Lele, S. Although leukoplakia responds to some treatments relapses and adverse effects are common. Evid.Based.Dent. 2005;6(1):15-16. View abstract.

Lemnge, M. M., Msangeni, H. A., Ronn, A. M., Salum, F. M., Jakobsen, P. H., Mhina, J. I., Akida, J. A., and Bygbjerg, I. C. Maloprim malaria prophylaxis in children living in a holoendemic village in north-eastern Tanzania. Trans.R.Soc Trop.Med Hyg. 1997;91(1):68-73. View abstract.

Levi, F., La Vecchia, C., Gulie, C., and Negri, E. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Nutr Cancer 1993;19(3):327-335. View abstract.

Levine, N., Moon, T. E., Cartmel, B., Bangert, J. L., Rodney, S., Dong, Q., Peng, Y. M., and Alberts, D. S. Trial of retinol and isotretinoin in skin cancer prevention: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6(11):957-961. View abstract.

Leyden, J. J. Meta-analysis of topical tazarotene in the treatment of mild to moderate acne. Cutis 2004;74(4 Suppl):9-15. View abstract.

Leyden, J. J., Grove, G. L., Grove, M. J., Thorne, E. G., and Lufrano, L. Treatment of photodamaged facial skin with topical tretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(3 Pt 2):638-644. View abstract.

Leyden, J. J., Preston, N., Osborn, C., and Gottschalk, R. W. In-vivo Effectiveness of Adapalene 0.1%/Benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% Gel on Antibiotic-sensitive and Resistant Propionibacterium acnes. J Clin.Aesthet.Dermatol. 2011;4(5):22-26. View abstract.

Li ZC, Zou P Zhao J Fu HJ Su MD Liu XD. Clinical observation of the combination of all-trans retinoic acid with arsenic trioxide on newly diagnosed patients of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Lin Chuang Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2008;21:481-548.

Li, J. Y., Li, B., Blot, W. J., and Taylor, P. R. [Preliminary report on the results of nutrition prevention trials of cancer and other common diseases among residents in Linxian, China]. Zhonghua Zhong.Liu Za Zhi. 1993;15(3):165-181. View abstract.

Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Li, B., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., Ershow, A. G., Guo, W., Liu, S. F., Yang, C. S., Shen, Q., and . Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 9-15-1993;85(18):1492-1498. View abstract.

Li, Q. H., Chen, Q. M., and Zeng, X. [Application of Cochrane systematic reviews in diagnosis and treatment for oral mucosal diseases]. Hua Xi.Kou Qiang.Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 2010;28(5):573-575. View abstract.

Lie, C., Ying, C., Wang, E. L., Brun, T., and Geissler, C. Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47(2):88-96. View abstract.

Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., Aryee, M., Atkinson, C., Bacchus, L. J., Bahalim, A. N., Balakrishnan, K., Balmes, J., Barker-Collo, S., Baxter, A., Bell, M. L., Blore, J. D., Blyth, F., Bonner, C., Borges, G., Bourne, R., Boussinesq, M., Brauer, M., Brooks, P., Bruce, N. G., Brunekreef, B., Bryan-Hancock, C., Bucello, C., Buchbinder, R., Bull, F., Burnett, R. T., Byers, T. E., Calabria, B., Carapetis, J., Carnahan, E., Chafe, Z., Charlson, F., Chen, H., Chen, J. S., Cheng, A. T., Child, J. C., Cohen, A., Colson, K. E., Cowie, B. C., Darby, S., Darling, S., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dentener, F., Des Jarlais, D. C., Devries, K., Dherani, M., Ding, E. L., Dorsey, E. R., Driscoll, T., Edmond, K., Ali, S. E., Engell, R. E., Erwin, P. J., Fahimi, S., Falder, G., Farzadfar, F., Ferrari, A., Finucane, M. M., Flaxman, S., Fowkes, F. G., Freedman, G., Freeman, M. K., Gakidou, E., Ghosh, S., Giovannucci, E., Gmel, G., Graham, K., Grainger, R., Grant, B., Gunnell, D., Gutierrez, H. R., Hall, W., Hoek, H. W., Hogan, A., Hosgood, H. D., III, Hoy, D., Hu, H., Hubbell, B. J., Hutchings, S. J., Ibeanusi, S. E., Jacklyn, G. L., Jasrasaria, R., Jonas, J. B., Kan, H., Kanis, J. A., Kassebaum, N., Kawakami, N., Khang, Y. H., Khatibzadeh, S., Khoo, J. P., Kok, C., Laden, F., Lalloo, R., Lan, Q., Lathlean, T., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Li, Y., Lin, J. K., Lipshultz, S. E., London, S., Lozano, R., Lu, Y., Mak, J., Malekzadeh, R., Mallinger, L., Marcenes, W., March, L., Marks, R., Martin, R., McGale, P., McGrath, J., Mehta, S., Mensah, G. A., Merriman, T. R., Micha, R., Michaud, C., Mishra, V., Mohd, Hanafiah K., Mokdad, A. A., Morawska, L., Mozaffarian, D., Murphy, T., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Nelson, P. K., Nolla, J. M., Norman, R., Olives, C., Omer, S. B., Orchard, J., Osborne, R., Ostro, B., Page, A., Pandey, K. D., Parry, C. D., PasAlpha XR, E., Patra, J., Pearce, N., Pelizzari, P. M., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pope, D., Pope, C. A., III, Powles, J., Rao, M., Razavi, H., Rehfuess, E. A., Rehm, J. T., Ritz, B., Rivara, F. P., Roberts, T., Robinson, C., Rodriguez-Portales, J. A., Romieu, I., Room, R., Rosenfeld, L. C., Roy, A., Rushton, L., Salomon, J. A., Sampson, U., Sanchez-Riera, L., Sanman, E., Sapkota, A., Seedat, S., Shi, P., Shield, K., Shivakoti, R., Singh, G. M., Sleet, D. A., Smith, E., Smith, K. R., Stapelberg, N. J., Steenland, K., Stockl, H., Stovner, L. J., Straif, K., Straney, L., Thurston, G. D., Tran, J. H., Van, Dingenen R., van, Donkelaar A., Veerman, J. L., Vijayakumar, L., Weintraub, R., Weissman, M. M., White, R. A., Whiteford, H., Wiersma, S. T., Wilkinson, J. D., Williams, H. C., Williams, W., Wilson, N., Woolf, A. D., Yip, P., Zielinski, J. M., Lopez, A. D., Murray, C. J., Ezzati, M., AlMazroa, M. A., and Memish, Z. A. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 12-15-2012;380(9859):2224-2260. View abstract.

Lin, J., Cook, N. R., Albert, C., Zaharris, E., Gaziano, J. M., Van, Denburgh M., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1-7-2009;101(1):14-23. View abstract.

Lin, J., Song, F., Yao, P., Yang, X., Li, N., Sun, S., Lei, L., and Liu, L. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune function of well-nourished children suffering from vitamin A deficiency in China. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62(12):1412-1418. View abstract.

Lippman, S. M., Lee, J. J., Karp, D. D., Vokes, E. E., Benner, S. E., Goodman, G. E., Khuri, F. R., Marks, R., Winn, R. J., Fry, W., Graziano, S. L., Gandara, D. R., Okawara, G., Woodhouse, C. L., Williams, B., Perez, C., Kim, H. W., Lotan, R., Roth, J. A., and Hong, W. K. Randomized phase III intergroup trial of isotretinoin to prevent second primary tumors in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 4-18-2001;93(8):605-618. View abstract.

Liu XH, Yin SA, Li G, Gao HY, and Xu QM. A clinical observation on supplementing selenium and vitamin A for mycoplasma pneumonia in children. Journal of Chinese Children Health Care 1997;5(4):239-240.

Liu, B. A., McGeer, A., McArthur, M. A., Simor, A. E., Aghdassi, E., Davis, L., and Allard, J. P. Effect of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on episodes of infection in nursing home residents: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2007;55(1):35-42. View abstract.

Lodi, G., Sardella, A., Bez, C., Demarosi, F., and Carrassi, A. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2001;(4):CD001829. View abstract.

Lodi, G., Sardella, A., Bez, C., Demarosi, F., and Carrassi, A. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;(3):CD001829. View abstract.

Lodi, G., Sardella, A., Bez, C., Demarosi, F., and Carrassi, A. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(4):CD001829. View abstract.

Lodi, G., Sardella, A., Bez, C., Demarosi, F., and Carrassi, A. Systematic review of randomized trials for the treatment of oral leukoplakia. J Dent.Educ. 2002;66(8):896-902. View abstract.

London, S. J., Stein, E. A., Henderson, I. C., Stampfer, M. J., Wood, W. C., Remine, S., Dmochowski, J. R., Robert, N. J., and Willett, W. C. Carotenoids, retinol, and vitamin E and risk of proliferative benign breast disease and breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3(6):503-512. View abstract.

Long, K. Z., Montoya, Y., Hertzmark, E., Santos, J. I., and Rosado, J. L. A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(3):693-700. View abstract.

Longnecker, M. P., Newcomb, P. A., Mittendorf, R., Greenberg, E. R., and Willett, W. C. Intake of carrots, spinach, and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(11):887-892. View abstract.

Look, M. P., Gerard, A., Rao, G. S., Sudhop, T., Fischer, H. P., Sauerbruch, T., and Spengler, U. Interferon/antioxidant combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C--a controlled pilot trial. Antiviral Res 1999;43(2):113-122. View abstract.

Lotan, R. Effects of vitamin A and its analogs (retinoids) on normal and neoplastic cells. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 3-12-1980;605(1):33-91. View abstract.

Lotan, R., Giotta, G., Nork, E., and Nicolson, G. L. Characterization of the inhibitory effects of retinoids on the in vitro growth of two malignant murine melanomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1978;60(5):1035-1041. View abstract.

Lowe, N. J., Prystowsky, J. H., Bourget, T., Edelstein, J., Nychay, S., and Armstrong, R. Acitretin plus UVB therapy for psoriasis. Comparisons with placebo plus UVB and acitretin alone. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1991;24(4):591-594. View abstract.

Lowe, P. M., Woods, J., Lewis, A., Davies, A., and Cooper, A. J. Topical tretinoin improves the appearance of photo damaged skin. Australas.J Dermatol 1994;35(1):1-9. View abstract.

Luabeya, K. K., Mpontshane, N., Mackay, M., Ward, H., Elson, I., Chhagan, M., Tomkins, A., Van den Broeck, J., and Bennish, M. L. Zinc or multiple micronutrient supplementation to reduce diarrhea and respiratory disease in South African children: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS.One. 2007;2(6):e541. View abstract.

Lung cancer associated with beta-carotene supplementation in smokers. Prescrire.Int 2010;19(107):121. View abstract.

Ma AG, Schouten EG Zhang FZ Kok FJ Yang F Jiang DC et al. Retinol and riboflavin supplementation decreases theon morbidity and growth of their infants during the first year of life. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;56:338-346.

Ma XC, Wang JT Cheng YJ Yan JW Zhou C. Case-control study on relationship between dietary factors and cervical cancer. Zhongguo Gong Gong Wei Sheng 2005;21:312-314.

Macete, E., Aide, P., Aponte, J. J., Sanz, S., Mandomando, I., Espasa, M., Sigauque, B., Dobano, C., Mabunda, S., DgeDge, M., Alonso, P., and Menendez, C. Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria control administered at the time of routine vaccinations in Mozambican infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect.Dis 8-1-2006;194(3):276-285. View abstract.

Mahalanabis D, Rahman MR Wahed MA Islam MA Habte D. Vltamin A megadoses during early infancy on serum retinol concentration and acute side effects and residual effects on 6 month follow-up. Nutrition Research 1997;17(4):649-669.

Mahalanabis, D., Lahiri, M., Paul, D., Gupta, S., Gupta, A., Wahed, M. A., and Khaled, M. A. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of treatment with zinc or vitamin A in infants and young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(3):430-436. View abstract.

Mahmud, Z. and Ali, S. M. Role of vitamin A and E in spondylosis. Bangladesh Med Res Counc.Bull 1992;18(1):47-59. View abstract.

Mahrle, G., Schulze, H. J., Farber, L., Weidinger, G., and Steigleder, G. K. Low-dose short-term cyclosporine versus etretinate in psoriasis: improvement of skin, nail, and joint involvement. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1995;32(1):78-88. View abstract.

Majumdar, I., Paul, P., Talib, V. H., and Ranga, S. The effect of iron therapy on the growth of iron-replete and iron-deplete children. J.Trop.Pediatr. 2003;49(2):84-88. View abstract.

Malaba, L. C., Iliff, P. J., Nathoo, K. J., Marinda, E., Moulton, L. H., Zijenah, L. S., Zvandasara, P., Ward, B. J., and Humphrey, J. H. Effect of postpartum maternal or neonatal vitamin A supplementation on infant mortality among infants born to HIV-negative mothers in Zimbabwe. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(2):454-460. View abstract.

Malin, A. S., Qi, D., Shu, X. O., Gao, Y. T., Friedmann, J. M., Jin, F., and Zheng, W. Intake of fruits, vegetables and selected micronutrients in relation to the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 6-20-2003;105(3):413-418. View abstract.

Mannisto, S., Pietinen, P., Virtanen, M., Kataja, V., and Uusitupa, M. Diet and the risk of breast cancer in a case-control study: does the threat of disease have an influence on recall bias? J Clin.Epidemiol 1999;52(5):429-439. View abstract.

Mannisto, S., Smith-Warner, S. A., Spiegelman, D., Albanes, D., Anderson, K., Van den Brandt, P. A., Cerhan, J. R., Colditz, G., Feskanich, D., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Miller, A. B., Rohan, T. E., Virtamo, J., Willett, W. C., and Hunter, D. J. Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of seven cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13(1):40-48. View abstract.

Maraini, G., Williams, S. L., Sperduto, R. D., Ferris, F., Milton, R. C., Clemons, T. E., Rosmini, F., and Ferrigno, L. A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial of multivitamin supplementation for age-related lens opacities. Clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract report no. 3. Ophthalmology 2008;115(4):599-607. View abstract.

Mark, S. D., Liu, S. F., Li, J. Y., Gail, M. H., Shen, Q., Dawsey, S. M., Liu, F., Taylor, P. R., Li, B., and Blot, W. J. The effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on esophageal cytology: results from the Linxian Dysplasia Trial. Int J Cancer 4-15-1994;57(2):162-166. View abstract.

Mark, S. D., Wang, W., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., Guo, W., Dawsey, S. M., Li, B., and Blot, W. J. Lowered risks of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease after vitamin/mineral supplementation: the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial. Am.J.Epidemiol. 4-1-1996;143(7):658-664. View abstract.

Marshall, J. R., Graham, S., Byers, T., Swanson, M., and Brasure, J. Diet and smoking in the epidemiology of cancer of the cervix. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 1983;70(5):847-851. View abstract.

Masetti, R., Biagi, C., Zama, D., Vendemini, F., Martoni, A., Morello, W., Gasperini, P., and Pession, A. Retinoids in pediatric onco-hematology: the model of acute promyelocytic leukemia and neuroblastoma. Adv.Ther. 2012;29(9):747-762. View abstract.

Massaga, J. J., Kitua, A. Y., Lemnge, M. M., Akida, J. A., Malle, L. N., Ronn, A. M., Theander, T. G., and Bygbjerg, I. C. Effect of intermittent treatment with amodiaquine on anaemia and malarial fevers in infants in Tanzania: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 5-31-2003;361(9372):1853-1860. View abstract.

Mathew, J. L. Vitamin A supplementation for prophylaxis or therapy in childhood pneumonia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Indian Pediatr 2010;47(3):255-261. View abstract.

Mathew, J. L., Patwari, A. K., Gupta, P., Shah, D., Gera, T., Gogia, S., Mohan, P., Panda, R., and Menon, S. Acute respiratory infection and pneumonia in India: a systematic review of literature for advocacy and action: UNICEF-PHFI series on newborn and child health, India. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48(3):191-218. View abstract.

Mathew, J. L., Shah, D., Gera, T., Gogia, S., Mohan, P., Panda, R., Menon, S., and Gupta, P. UNICEF-PHFI Series on newborn and child health, India: methodology for systematic reviews on child health priorities for advocacy and action. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48(3):183-189. View abstract.

Mathew, M. C., Ervin, A. M., Tao, J., and Davis, R. M. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD004567. View abstract.

Matsunami, E., Takashima, A., Mizuno, N., Jinno, T., and Ito, H. Topical PUVA, etretinate, and combined PUVA and etretinate for palmoplantar pustulosis: comparison of therapeutic efficacy and the influences of tonsillar and dental focal infections. J Dermatol. 1990;17(2):92-96. View abstract.

Matthay, K. K., Villablanca, J. G., Seeger, R. C., Stram, D. O., Harris, R. E., Ramsay, N. K., Swift, P., Shimada, H., Black, C. T., Brodeur, G. M., Gerbing, R. B., and Reynolds, C. P. Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma with intensive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. Children's Cancer Group. N.Engl.J Med. 10-14-1999;341(16):1165-1173. View abstract.

Mayne, S. T., Ferrucci, L. M., and Cartmel, B. Lessons learned from randomized clinical trials of micronutrient supplementation for cancer prevention. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 8-21-2012;32:369-390. View abstract.

Mayo-Wilson, E., Imdad, A., Herzer, K., Yakoob, M. Y., and Bhutta, Z. A. Vitamin A supplements for preventing mortality, illness, and blindness in children aged under 5: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;343:d5094. View abstract.

Meffert, H. and Sonnichsen, N. Acitretin in the treatment of severe psoriasis: a randomized double-blind study comparing acitretin and etretinate. Acta Derm.Venereol.Suppl (Stockh) 1989;146:176-177. View abstract.

Mejia, L. A. and Chew, F. Hematological effect of supplementing anemic children with vitamin A alone and in combination with iron. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1988;48(3):595-600. View abstract.

Melnik, B., Gluck, S., Jungblut, R. M., and Goerz, G. Retrospective radiographic study of skeletal changes after long-term etretinate therapy. Br.J Dermatol. 1987;116(2):207-212. View abstract.

Menendez, C., Kahigwa, E., Hirt, R., Vounatsou, P., Aponte, J. J., Font, F., Acosta, C. J., Schellenberg, D. M., Galindo, C. M., Kimario, J., Urassa, H., Brabin, B., Smith, T. A., Kitua, A. Y., Tanner, M., and Alonso, P. L. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 9-20-1997;350(9081):844-850. View abstract.

Mermin, J., Lule, J., Ekwaru, J. P., Malamba, S., Downing, R., Ransom, R., Kaharuza, F., Culver, D., Kizito, F., Bunnell, R., Kigozi, A., Nakanjako, D., Wafula, W., and Quick, R. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 10-16-2004;364(9443):1428-1434. View abstract.

Meyskens, F. L., Jr., Kopecky, K. J., Appelbaum, F. R., Balcerzak, S. P., Samlowski, W., and Hynes, H. Effects of vitamin A on survival in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: a SWOG randomized trial. Leuk.Res 1995;19(9):605-612. View abstract.

Meyskens, F. L., Jr., Liu, P. Y., Tuthill, R. J., Sondak, V. K., Fletcher, W. S., Jewell, W. R., Samlowski, W., Balcerzak, S. P., Rector, D. J., Noyes, R. D., and . Randomized trial of vitamin A versus observation as adjuvant therapy in high-risk primary malignant melanoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(10):2060-2065. View abstract.

Mezey, E., Potter, J. J., Rennie-Tankersley, L., Caballeria, J., and Pares, A. A randomized placebo controlled trial of vitamin E for alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2004;40(1):40-46. View abstract.

Mignone, L. I., Giovannucci, E., Newcomb, P. A., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Trentham-Dietz, A., Hampton, J. M., Willett, W. C., and Egan, K. M. Dietary carotenoids and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Int.J.Cancer 6-15-2009;124(12):2929-2937. View abstract.

Miller, M., Humphrey, J., Johnson, E., Marinda, E., Brookmeyer, R., and Katz, J. Why do children become vitamin A deficient? J Nutr 2002;132(9 Suppl):2867S-2880S. View abstract.

Miller, P. E. and Snyder, D. C. Phytochemicals and cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr.Clin.Pract. 2012;27(5):599-612. View abstract.

Millikan, L. E. Pivotal clinical trials of adapalene in the treatment of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15 Suppl 3:19-22. View abstract.

Mills, E. J., Wu, P., Seely, D., and Guyatt, G. H. Vitamin supplementation for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and pre-term delivery: a systematic review of randomized trial including more than 2800 women. AIDS Res Ther 5-6-2005;2(1):4. View abstract.

Mittal, R., Malhotra, S., Pandhi, P., Kaur, I., and Dogra, S. Efficacy and safety of combination Acitretin and Pioglitazone therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch.Dermatol. 2009;145(4):387-393. View abstract.

Mockenhaupt, F. P., Reither, K., Zanger, P., Roepcke, F., Danquah, I., Saad, E., Ziniel, P., Dzisi, S. Y., Frempong, M., Agana-Nsiire, P., Amoo-Sakyi, F., Otchwemah, R., Cramer, J. P., Anemana, S. D., Dietz, E., and Bienzle, U. Intermittent preventive treatment in infants as a means of malaria control: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in northern Ghana. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2007;51(9):3273-3281. View abstract.

Molife, R. and Hancock, B. W. Adjuvant therapy of malignant melanoma. Crit Rev Oncol.Hematol. 2002;44(1):81-102. View abstract.

Moon, T. E., Levine, N., Cartmel, B., and Bangert, J. L. Retinoids in prevention of skin cancer. Cancer Lett. 3-19-1997;114(1-2):203-205. View abstract.

Moon, T. E., Levine, N., Cartmel, B., Bangert, J. L., Rodney, S., Dong, Q., Peng, Y. M., and Alberts, D. S. Effect of retinol in preventing squamous cell skin cancer in moderate-risk subjects: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(11):949-956. View abstract.

Moon, T. E., Levine, N., Cartmel, B., Bangert, J., Rodney, S., Schreiber, M., Peng, Y. M., Ritenbaugh, C., Meyskens, F., and Alberts, D. Design and recruitment for retinoid skin cancer prevention (SKICAP) trials. The Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4(6):661-669. View abstract.

Moorman, P. G., Ricciuti, M. F., Millikan, R. C., and Newman, B. Vitamin supplement use and breast cancer in a North Carolina population. Public Health Nutr 2001;4(3):821-827. View abstract.

Moorthy, V. S., Reed, Z., and Smith, P. G. Clinical trials to estimate the efficacy of preventive interventions against malaria in paediatric populations: a methodological review. Malar.J 2009;8:23. View abstract.

Morales, Alcover O., Ochoa Herrera, J. J., Lopez-Frias, M., and Mataix, Verdu J. [Vitamin intake in the adult population of the Andalusian Autonomous Community]. Nutr Hosp. 2007;22(1):108-111. View abstract.

Morcos, M. M., Gabr, A. A., Samuel, S., Kamel, M., el, Baz M., el, Beshry M., and Michail, R. R. Vitamin D administration to tuberculous children and its value. Boll.Chim.Farm. 1998;137(5):157-164. View abstract.

Mork, N. J., Kolbenstvedt, A., and Austad, J. Skeletal side-effects of 5 years' acitretin treatment. Br.J Dermatol. 1996;134(6):1156-1157. View abstract.

Morland-Schultz, K. and Hill, P. D. Prevention of and therapies for nipple pain: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2005;34(4):428-437. View abstract.

Moverare, R., Elfman, L., Bjornsson, E., and Stalenheim, G. Changes in cytokine production in vitro during the early phase of birch-pollen immunotherapy. Scand.J.Immunol. 2000;52(2):200-206. View abstract.

MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):7-22. View abstract.

Muhilal, Permeisih, D., Idjradinata, Y. R., Muherdiyantiningsih, and Karyadi, D. Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(5):1271-1276. View abstract.

Muller, O., Traore, C., Kouyate, B., Ye, Y., Frey, C., Coulibaly, B., and Becher, H. Effects of insecticide-treated bednets during early infancy in an African area of intense malaria transmission: a randomized controlled trial. Bull World Health Organ 2006;84(2):120-126. View abstract.

Munoz, N., Wahrendorf, J., Bang, L. J., Crespi, M., Thurnham, D. I., Day, N. E., Ji, Z. H., Grassi, A., Yan, L. W., Lin, L. G., and . No effect of riboflavine, retinol, and zinc on prevalence of precancerous lesions of oesophagus. Randomised double-blind intervention study in high-risk population of China. Lancet 7-20-1985;2(8447):111-114. View abstract.

Murphy, S., West, K. P., Jr., Greenough, W. B., III, Cherot, E., Katz, J., and Clement, L. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on the incidence of infection in elderly nursing-home residents: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1992;21(6):435-439. View abstract.

Murray, H. E., Anhalt, A. W., Lessard, R., Schacter, R. K., Ross, J. B., Stewart, W. D., and Geiger, J. M. A 12-month treatment of severe psoriasis with acitretin: results of a Canadian open multicenter study. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1991;24(4):598-602. View abstract.

Muslimatun, S., Schmidt, M. K., Schultink, W., West, C. E., Hautvast, J. A., Gross, R., and Muhilal. Weekly supplementation with iron and vitamin A during pregnancy increases hemoglobin concentration but decreases serum ferritin concentration in Indonesian pregnant women. J Nutr 2001;131(1):85-90. View abstract.

Mwanri, L., Worsley, A., Ryan, P., and Masika, J. Supplemental vitamin A improves anemia and growth in anemic school children in Tanzania. J Nutr 2000;130(11):2691-2696. View abstract.

Nacul, L. C., Kirkwood, B. R., Arthur, P., Morris, S. S., Magalhaes, M., and Fink, M. C. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial of efficacy of vitamin A treatment in non-measles childhood pneumonia. BMJ 8-30-1997;315(7107):505-510. View abstract.

Nduati, R., John, G., Mbori-Ngacha, D., Richardson, B., Overbaugh, J., Mwatha, A., Ndinya-Achola, J., Bwayo, J., Onyango, F. E., Hughes, J., and Kreiss, J. Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 3-1-2000;283(9):1167-1174. View abstract.

Negri, E., La, Vecchia C., Franceschi, S., D'Avanzo, B., Talamini, R., Parpinel, M., Ferraroni, M., Filiberti, R., Montella, M., Falcini, F., Conti, E., and Decarli, A. Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1-17-1996;65(2):140-144. View abstract.

NEI statement: Update on vitamin A as a treatment for retinitis pigmentosa. Optom.Vis.Sci 2008;85(9):E790-E791. View abstract.

Neidecker-Gonzales, O., Nestel, P., and Bouis, H. Estimating the global costs of vitamin A capsule supplementation: a review of the literature. Food Nutr Bull 2007;28(3):307-316. View abstract.

Nevill, C. G., Some, E. S., Mung'ala, V. O., Mutemi, W., New, L., Marsh, K., Lengeler, C., and Snow, R. W. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop.Med Int Health 1996;1(2):139-146. View abstract.

Newton, S., Cousens, S., Owusu-Agyei, S., Filteau, S., Stanley, C., Linsell, L., and Kirkwood, B. Vitamin a supplementation does not affect infants' immune responses to polio and tetanus vaccines. J Nutr 2005;135(11):2669-2673. View abstract.

Ni, J., Wei, J., and Wu, T. Vitamin A for non-measles pneumonia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD003700. View abstract.

Nighland, M. and Grossman, R. Tretinoin microsphere gel in facial acne vulgaris: a meta-analysis. J Drugs Dermatol 2008;7(8 Suppl):s2-s8. View abstract.

Nissen, S. B., Tjonneland, A., Stripp, C., Olsen, A., Christensen, J., Overvad, K., Dragsted, L. O., and Thomsen, B. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E from diet and supplements and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14(8):695-704. View abstract.

Niu, C., Yan, H., Yu, T., Sun, H. P., Liu, J. X., Li, X. S., Wu, W., Zhang, F. Q., Chen, Y., Zhou, L., Li, J. M., Zeng, X. Y., Yang, R. R., Yuan, M. M., Ren, M. Y., Gu, F. Y., Cao, Q., Gu, B. W., Su, X. Y., Chen, G. Q., Xiong, S. M., Zhang, T. D., Waxman, S., Wang, Z. Y., Chen, Z., Hu, J., Shen, Z. X., and Chen, S. J. Studies on treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: remission induction, follow-up, and molecular monitoring in 11 newly diagnosed and 47 relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Blood 11-15-1999;94(10):3315-3324. View abstract.

No author. Randomised trial to assess benefits and safety of vitamin A supplementation linked to immunisation in early infancy. WHO/CHD Immunisation-Linked Vitamin A Supplementation Study Group. Lancet 10-17-1998;352(9136):1257-1263. View abstract.

No author. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. Ann.Epidemiol. 1994;4(1):1-10. View abstract.

No authors. Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Ghana VAST Study Team. Lancet 7-3-1993;342(8862):7-12. View abstract.

Nosten, F., Luxemburger, C., Kyle, D. E., Ballou, W. R., Wittes, J., Wah, E., Chongsuphajaisiddhi, T., Gordon, D. M., White, N. J., Sadoff, J. C., and Heppner, D. G. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of SPf66 malaria vaccine in children in northwestern Thailand. Shoklo SPf66 Malaria Vaccine Trial Group. Lancet 9-14-1996;348(9029):701-707. View abstract.

Nurmatov, U., Devereux, G., and Sheikh, A. Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. 2011;127(3):724-733. View abstract.

Nursyam, E. W., Amin, Z., and Rumende, C. M. The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion. Acta Med Indones. 2006;38(1):3-5. View abstract.

Nyirady, J., Bergfeld, W., Ellis, C., Levine, N., Savin, R., Shavin, J., Voorhees, J. J., Weiss, J., and Grossman, R. Tretinoin cream 0.02% for the treatment of photodamaged facial skin: a review of 2 double-blind clinical studies. Cutis 2001;68(2):135-142. View abstract.

O'Neil, C., Shevill, E., and Chang, A. B. Vitamin A supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD006751. View abstract.

Ogaro, F. O., Orinda, V. A., Onyango, F. E., and Black, R. E. Effect of vitamin A on diarrhoeal and respiratory complications of measles. Trop.Geogr.Med 1993;45(6):283-286. View abstract.

Okada N, Nomura M Morimoto S et al. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in psoriatic patients with long term etretinate therapy. J Dermatol. 1994;21:308-311.

Oliveira JM. Suplementação de vitamina A em lactantes: revisão sistemática [Dissertação de Mestrado]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo. 2006;

Oliveira, J. M. and Rondo, P. H. [Evidence of the impact of vitamin A supplementation on maternal and child health]. Cad.Saude Publica 2007;23(11):2565-2575. View abstract.

Oliveira-Menegozzo, J. M., Bergamaschi, D. P., Middleton, P., and East, C. E. Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(10):CD005944. View abstract.

Olsen, E. A., Katz, H. I., Levine, N., Nigra, T. P., Pochi, P. E., Savin, R. C., Shupack, J., Weinstein, G. D., Lufrano, L., and Perry, B. H. Tretinoin emollient cream for photodamaged skin: results of 48-week, multicenter, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37(2 Pt 1):217-226. View abstract.

Olsen, E. A., Katz, H. I., Levine, N., Shupack, J., Billys, M. M., Prawer, S., Gold, J., Stiller, M., Lufrano, L., and Thorne, E. G. Tretinoin emollient cream: a new therapy for photodamaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26(2 Pt 1):215-224. View abstract.

Olsen, E. A., Weed, W. W., Meyer, C. J., and Cobo, L. M. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acitretin for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1989;21(4 Pt 1):681-686. View abstract.

Orfanos, C. E., Steigleder, G. K., Pullmann, H., and Bloch, P. H. Oral retinoid and UVB radiation: a new, alternative treatment for psoriasis on an out-patient basis. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1979;59(3):241-244. View abstract.

Ortega, J. J., Madero, L., Martin, G., Verdeguer, A., Garcia, P., Parody, R., Fuster, J., Molines, A., Novo, A., Deben, G., Rodriguez, A., Conde, E., de la Serna, J., Allegue, M. J., Capote, F. J., Gonzalez, J. D., Bolufer, P., Gonzalez, M., and Sanz, M. A. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy for children with acute promyelocytic leukemia: a multicenter study by the PETHEMA Group. J Clin.Oncol. 10-20-2005;23(30):7632-7640. View abstract.

Ozdemir, M., Engin, B., Baysal, I., and Mevlitoglu, I. A randomized comparison of acitretin-narrow-band TL-01 phototherapy and acitretin-psoralen plus ultraviolet A for psoriasis. Acta Derm.Venereol. 2008;88(6):589-593. View abstract.

Pakasi, T. A., Karyadi, E., Suratih, N. M., Salean, M., Darmawidjaja, N., Bor, H., van, der, V, Dolmans, W. M., and van der Meer, J. W. Zinc and vitamin A supplementation fails to reduce sputum conversion time in severely malnourished pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. Nutr J 2010;9:41. View abstract.

Pangaribuan, R., Erhardt, J. G., Scherbaum, V., and Biesalski, H. K. Vitamin A capsule distribution to control vitamin A deficiency in Indonesia: effect of supplementation in pre-school children and compliance with the programme. Public Health Nutr 2003;6(2):209-216. View abstract.

Pant, C. R., Pokharel, G. P., Curtale, F., Pokhrel, R. P., Grosse, R. N., Lepkowski, J., Muhilal, Bannister, M., Gorstein, J., Pak-Gorstein, S., Atmarita, and Tilden, R. L. Impact of nutrition education and mega-dose vitamin A supplementation on the health of children in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 1996;74(5):533-545. View abstract.

Panth, M., Shatrugna, V., Yasodhara, P., and Sivakumar, B. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on haemoglobin and vitamin A levels during pregnancy. Br J Nutr 1990;64(2):351-358. View abstract.

Papagaroufalis C, Cairis M, and Pantazatou E. A trial of vitamin A supplementation in infants susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatric Research 1988;23:518A.

Papagaroufalis, C., Megreli, C., Hagjigeorgi, C., and Xanthou, M. A trial of vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight neonates. J Perinat.Med 1991;19 Suppl 1:382-387. View abstract.

Papaioannou, D., Cooper, K. L., Carroll, C., Hind, D., Squires, H., Tappenden, P., and Logan, R. F. Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13(10):1085-1099. View abstract.

Parker, S., Coburn, P., Lawrence, C., Marks, J., and Shuster, S. A randomized double-blind comparison of PUVA-etretinate and PUVA-placebo in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Br.J Dermatol. 1984;110(2):215-220. View abstract.

Paton, N. I., Chua, Y. K., Earnest, A., and Chee, C. B. Randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and wasting. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(2):460-465. View abstract.

Paul, C. and Ortonne, J. P. Use of conventional systemic treatments in psoriasis: systematic review and expert opinion of a panel of dermatologists. J Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 2011;25 Suppl 2:1. View abstract.

Pearson, E., Bose, C., Snidow, T., Ransom, L., Young, T., Bose, G., and Stiles, A. Trial of vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1992;121(3):420-427. View abstract.

Penn, N. D., Purkins, L., Kelleher, J., Heatley, R. V., Mascie-Taylor, B. H., and Belfield, P. W. The effect of dietary supplementation with vitamins A, C and E on cell-mediated immune function in elderly long-stay patients: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1991;20(3):169-174. View abstract.

Perez-Guzman, C., Vargas, M. H., Quinonez, F., Bazavilvazo, N., and Aguilar, A. A cholesterol-rich diet accelerates bacteriologic sterilization in pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 2005;127(2):643-651. View abstract.

Petersson I, Majberger E, Palm S, and Larsen A. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with selenium and vitamin E. Scand J Rheumatol 1991;20:218.

Phillips-Howard, P. A., Nahlen, B. L., Wannemuehler, K. A., Kolczak, M. S., ter Kuile, F. O., Gimnig, J. E., Olson, K., Alaii, J. A., Odhacha, A., Vulule, J. M., and Hawley, W. A. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on the incidence of sick child visits to peripheral health facilities. Am J Trop.Med Hyg. 2003;68(4 Suppl):38-43. View abstract.

Piattelli, A., Carinci, F., Iezzi, G., Perrotti, V., Goteri, G., Fioroni, M., and Rubini, C. Oral lichen planus treated with 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin): effects on the apoptotic process. Clin.Oral Investig. 2007;11(3):283-288. View abstract.

Piattelli, A., Fioroni, M., Santinelli, A., and Rubini, C. bcl-2 expression and apoptotic bodies in 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin)-topically treated oral leukoplakia: a pilot study. Oral Oncol. 1999;35(3):314-320. View abstract.

Pike, J. and Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace element supplementation on immune indices in healthy elderly. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1995;65(2):117-121. View abstract.

Piraccini, B. M., Tosti, A., Iorizzo, M., and Misciali, C. Pustular psoriasis of the nails: treatment and long-term follow-up of 46 patients. Br.J Dermatol. 2001;144(5):1000-1005. View abstract.

Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: a meta-analysis of data from field trials to assess the impact of vitamin A supplementation on pneumonia morbidity and mortality. The Vitamin A and Pneumonia Working Group. Bull World Health Organ 1995;73(5):609-619. View abstract.

Potischman, N., Herrero, R., Brinton, L. A., Reeves, W. C., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Jones, C. J., Brenes, M. M., Tenorio, F., de Britton, R. C., and Gaitan, E. A case-control study of nutrient status and invasive cervical cancer. II. Serologic indicators. Am J Epidemiol. 12-1-1991;134(11):1347-1355. View abstract.

Potischman, N., McCulloch, C. E., Byers, T., Nemoto, T., Stubbe, N., Milch, R., Parker, R., Rasmussen, K. M., Root, M., Graham, S., and . Breast cancer and dietary and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52(5):909-915. View abstract.

Potischman, N., Swanson, C. A., Coates, R. J., Gammon, M. D., Brogan, D. R., Curtin, J., and Brinton, L. A. Intake of food groups and associated micronutrients in relation to risk of early-stage breast cancer. Int J Cancer 7-30-1999;82(3):315-321. View abstract.

PrayGod, G., Range, N., Faurholt-Jepsen, D., Jeremiah, K., Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Aabye, M. G., Jensen, L., Jensen, A. V., Grewal, H. M., Magnussen, P., Changalucha, J., Andersen, A. B., and Friis, H. Daily multi-micronutrient supplementation during tuberculosis treatment increases weight and grip strength among HIV-uninfected but not HIV-infected patients in Mwanza, Tanzania. J Nutr 4-1-2011;141(4):685-691. View abstract.

Prince, M. I., Mitchison, H. C., Ashley, D., Burke, D. A., Edwards, N., Bramble, M. G., James, O. F., and Jones, D. E. Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2003;17(1):137-143. View abstract.

Quinlan, K. P. and Hayani, K. C. Vitamin A and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Serum levels and supplementation trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc.Med 1996;150(1):25-30. View abstract.

Racine A, Cuerg A Bijon A et al. Isotretinoin use and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a case control study from the French National Health Insurance System [abstract 400]. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5):S88.

Radhika, M. S., Bhaskaram, P., Balakrishna, N., Ramalakshmi, B. A., Devi, S., and Kumar, B. S. Effects of vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy on maternal and child health. BJOG. 2002;109(6):689-693. View abstract.

Rafal, E. S., Griffiths, C. E., Ditre, C. M., Finkel, L. J., Hamilton, T. A., Ellis, C. N., and Voorhees, J. J. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment for liver spots associated with photodamage. N Engl.J Med 2-6-1992;326(6):368-374. View abstract.

Raffoux, E., Rousselot, P., Poupon, J., Daniel, M. T., Cassinat, B., Delarue, R., Taksin, A. L., Rea, D., Buzyn, A., Tibi, A., Lebbe, G., Cimerman, P., Chomienne, C., Fermand, J. P., de, The H., Degos, L., Hermine, O., and Dombret, H. Combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and all-trans-retinoic acid in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. J Clin.Oncol. 6-15-2003;21(12):2326-2334. View abstract.

Rahman, M. M., Mahalanabis, D., Islam, M. A., and Biswas, E. Can infants and young children eat enough green leafy vegetables from a single traditional meal to meet their daily vitamin A requirements? Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47(1):68-72. View abstract.

Rahman, M. M., Tofail, F., Wahed, M. A., Fuchs, G. J., Baqui, A. H., and Alvarez, J. O. Short-term supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has no significant effect on the growth of undernourished Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(1):87-91. View abstract.

Rahman, M. M., Vermund, S. H., Wahed, M. A., Fuchs, G. J., Baqui, A. H., and Alvarez, J. O. Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Bangladeshi children: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 8-11-2001;323(7308):314-318. View abstract.

Rahmathullah, L. Effect of receiving a weekly dose of vitamin A equivalent to the recommended dietary allowances among pre school children on mortality in south India. Indian J Pediatr. 1991;58(6):837-847. View abstract.

Rahmathullah, L., Tielsch, J. M., Thulasiraj, R. D., Katz, J., Coles, C., Devi, S., John, R., Prakash, K., Sadanand, A. V., Edwin, N., and Kamaraj, C. Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India. BMJ 8-2-2003;327(7409):254. View abstract.

Rahmathullah, L., Underwood, B. A., Thulasiraj, R. D., and Milton, R. C. Diarrhea, respiratory infections, and growth are not affected by a weekly low-dose vitamin A supplement: a masked, controlled field trial in children in southern India. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(3):568-577. View abstract.

Rahmathullah, L., Underwood, B. A., Thulasiraj, R. D., Milton, R. C., Ramaswamy, K., Rahmathullah, R., and Babu, G. Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A. N Engl.J Med 10-4-1990;323(14):929-935. View abstract.

Ramakrishnan, U., Latham, M. C., Abel, R., and Frongillo, E. A., Jr. Vitamin A supplementation and morbidity among preschool children in south India. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61(6):1295-1303. View abstract.

Ramakrishnan, U., Latham, M. C., and Abel, R. Vitamin A supplementation does not improve growth of preschool children: a randomized, double-blind field trial in south India. J Nutr 1995;125(2):202-211. View abstract.

Ramlau, R., Zatloukal, P., Jassem, J., Schwarzenberger, P., Orlov, S. V., Gottfried, M., Pereira, J. R., Temperley, G., Negro-Vilar, R., Rahal, S., Zhang, J. K., Negro-Vilar, A., and Dziewanowska, Z. E. Randomized phase III trial comparing bexarotene (L1069-49)/cisplatin/vinorelbine with cisplatin/vinorelbine in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: SPIRIT I. J Clin.Oncol. 4-10-2008;26(11):1886-1892. View abstract.

Range, N., Andersen, A. B., Magnussen, P., Mugomela, A., and Friis, H. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on treatment outcome in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial in Mwanza, Tanzania. Trop.Med Int Health 2005;10(9):826-832. View abstract.

Ravishankar, C., Nafday, S., Green, R. S., Kamenir, S., Lorber, R., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Bridges, N. D., Holzman, I. R., and Gelb, B. D. A trial of vitamin A therapy to facilitate ductal closure in premature infants. J Pediatr 2003;143(5):644-648. View abstract.

Recchia, F., Saggio, G., Cesta, A., Alesse, E., Gallo, R., Necozione, S., and Rea, S. Phase II randomized study of interleukin-2 with or without 13-cis retinoic acid as maintenance therapy in patients with advanced cancer responsive to chemotherapy. Anticancer Res 2005;25(4):3149-3157. View abstract.

Rice, A. L., Stoltzfus, R. J., de, Francisco A., Chakraborty, J., Kjolhede, C. L., and Wahed, M. A. Maternal vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation in lactating bangladeshi women benefits mothers and infants but does not prevent subclinical deficiency. J Nutr 1999;129(2):356-365. View abstract.

Richardson, S., Gerber, M., and Cenee, S. The role of fat, animal protein and some vitamin consumption in breast cancer: a case control study in southern France. Int J Cancer 4-22-1991;48(1):1-9. View abstract.

Richer, S. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study--part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J.Am.Optom.Assoc. 1996;67(1):30-49. View abstract.

Rim, J. H., Park, J. Y., Choe, Y. B., and Youn, J. I. The efficacy of calcipotriol + acitretin combination therapy for psoriasis: comparison with acitretin monotherapy. Am J Clin.Dermatol. 2003;4(7):507-510. View abstract.

Rizvi, N., Hawkins, M. J., Eisenberg, P. D., Yocum, R. C., and Reich, S. D. Placebo-controlled trial of bexarotene, a retinoid x receptor agonist, as maintenance therapy for patients treated with chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin.Lung Cancer 2001;2(3):210-215. View abstract.

Rodriguez, A., Hamer, D. H., Rivera, J., Acosta, M., Salgado, G., Gordillo, M., Cabezas, M., Naranjo-Pinto, C., Leguisamo, J., Gomez, D., Fuenmayor, G., Jativa, E., Guaman, G., Estrella, B., and Sempertegui, F. Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneumonia in underweight and normal-weight children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(5):1090-1096. View abstract.

Rohan, T. E., McMichael, A. J., and Baghurst, P. A. A population-based case-control study of diet and breast cancer in Australia. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128(3):478-489. View abstract.

Rosales, F. J. Vitamin a supplementation of vitamin a deficient measles patients lowers the risk of measles-related pneumonia in zambian children. J Nutr 2002;132(12):3700-3703. View abstract.

Rosales, F. J., Kjolhede, C., and Goodman, S. Efficacy of a single oral dose of 200,000 IU of oil-soluble vitamin A in measles-associated morbidity. Am J Epidemiol 3-1-1996;143(5):413-422. View abstract.

Rosen, K., Mobacken, H., and Swanbeck, G. PUVA, etretinate, and PUVA-etretinate therapy for pustulosis palmoplantaris. A placebo-controlled comparative trial. Arch.Dermatol. 1987;123(7):885-889. View abstract.

Ross, D. A., Kirkwood, B. R., Binka, F. N., Arthur, P., Dollimore, N., Morris, S. S., Shier, R. P., Gyapong, J. O., and Smith, P. G. Child morbidity and mortality following vitamin A supplementation in Ghana: time since dosing, number of doses, and time of year. Am J Public Health 1995;85(9):1246-1251. View abstract.

Rotondi, M. A. and Khobzi, N. Vitamin A supplementation and neonatal mortality in the developing world: a meta-regression of cluster-randomized trials. Bull World Health Organ 9-1-2010;88(9):697-702. View abstract.

Roy, S. K., Islam, A., Molla, A., Akramuzzaman, S. M., Jahan, F., and Fuchs, G. Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(5):302-307. View abstract.

Rumbold, A., Middleton, P., and Crowther, C. A. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD004073. View abstract.

Rumbold, A., Middleton, P., Pan, N., and Crowther, C. A. Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(1):CD004073. View abstract.

Ruotsalainen, T., Halme, M., Isokangas, O. P., Pyrhonen, S., Mantyla, M., Pekonen, M., Sarna, S., Joensuu, H., and Mattson, K. Interferon-alpha and 13-cis-retinoic acid as maintenance therapy after high-dose combination chemotherapy with growth factor support for small cell lung cancer--a feasibility study. Anticancer Drugs 2000;11(2):101-108. View abstract.

Ruzicka, T., Sommerburg, C., Braun-Falco, O., Koster, W., Lengen, W., Lensing, W., Letzel, H., Meigel, W. N., Paul, E., Przybilla, B., and . Efficiency of acitretin in combination with UV-B in the treatment of severe psoriasis. Arch.Dermatol. 1990;126(4):482-486. View abstract.

Saeian, K., Bajaj, J. S., Franco, J., Knox, J. F., Daniel, J., Peine, C., McKee, D., Varma, R. R., and Ho, S. High-dose vitamin E supplementation does not diminish ribavirin-associated haemolysis in hepatitis C treatment with combination standard alpha-interferon and ribavirin. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 11-15-2004;20(10):1189-1193. View abstract.

Samuel, M., Brooke, R. C., Hollis, S., and Griffiths, C. E. Interventions for photodamaged skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD001782. View abstract.

Sandler, D. L., Cooper, P. A., Bolton, K. D., Bental, R. Y., and Simchowitz, I. D. Periventricular-intraventricular haemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants at Baragwanath Hospital. S.Afr.Med.J 1994;84(1):26-29. View abstract.

Sankaranarayanan, R., Mathew, B., Varghese, C., Sudhakaran, P. R., Menon, V., Jayadeep, A., Nair, M. K., Mathews, C., Mahalingam, T. R., Balaram, P., and Nair, P. P. Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A and beta carotene: an assessment. Oral Oncol. 1997;33(4):231-236. View abstract.

Saurat, J. H., Geiger, J. M., Amblard, P., Beani, J. C., Boulanger, A., Claudy, A., Frenk, E., Guilhou, J. J., Grosshans, E., Merot, Y., and . Randomized double-blind multicenter study comparing acitretin-PUVA, etretinate-PUVA and placebo-PUVA in the treatment of severe psoriasis. Dermatologica 1988;177(4):218-224. View abstract.

Sbidian, E., Maza, A., Montaudie, H., Gallini, A., Aractingi, S., Aubin, F., Cribier, B., Joly, P., Jullien, D., Le, Maitre M., Misery, L., Richard, M. A., Paul, C., Ortonne, J. P., and Bachelez, H. Efficacy and safety of oral retinoids in different psoriasis subtypes: a systematic literature review. J Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 2011;25 Suppl 2:28-33. View abstract.

Scardina, G. A., Carini, F., Maresi, E., Valenza, V., and Messina, P. Evaluation of the clinical and histological effectiveness of isotretinoin in the therapy of oral leukoplakia: ten years of experience: is management still up to date and effective? Methods Find.Exp.Clin.Pharmacol 2006;28(2):115-119. View abstract.

Scardina, G. A., Messina, P., Carini, F., and Maresi, E. A randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of different concentrations of isotretinoin in the management of lichen planus. Int J Oral Maxillofac.Surg. 2006;35(1):67-71. View abstract.

Schellenberg, D., Menendez, C., Kahigwa, E., Aponte, J., Vidal, J., Tanner, M., Mshinda, H., and Alonso, P. Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 5-12-2001;357(9267):1471-1477. View abstract.

Schmidt, M. K., Muslimatun, S., Schultink, W., West, C. E., and Hautvast, J. G. Randomised double-blind trial of the effect of vitamin A supplementation of Indonesian pregnant women on morbidity and growth of their infants during the first year of life. Eur.J Clin.Nutr 2002;56(4):338-346. View abstract.

Schmidt, M. K., Muslimatun, S., West, C. E., Schultink, W., and Hautvast, J. G. Vitamin A and iron supplementation of Indonesian pregnant women benefits vitamin A status of their infants. Br J Nutr 2001;86(5):607-615. View abstract.

Schon, T., Elias, D., Moges, F., Melese, E., Tessema, T., Stendahl, O., Britton, S., and Sundqvist, T. Arginine as an adjuvant to chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in active tuberculosis. Eur.Respir.J 2003;21(3):483-488. View abstract.

Schorah, C. J. Micronutrient provision in elderly subjects. Lancet 1-30-1993;341(8840):306-307. View abstract.

Sefton, J., Kligman, A. M., Kopper, S. C., Lue, J. C., and Gibson, J. R. Photodamage pilot study: a double-blind, vehicle-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of tazarotene 0.1% gel. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(4):656-663. View abstract.

Semba RD, Muhilal MPH, and West KP. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on hematological indicators of iron metabolism and protein status in children. Nutrition Research 1992;12(4):469-478.

Semba, R. D., Kumwenda, J., Zijlstra, E., Ricks, M. O., van, Lettow M., Whalen, C., Clark, T. D., Jorgensen, L., Kohler, J., Kumwenda, N., Taha, T. E., and Harries, A. D. Micronutrient supplements and mortality of HIV-infected adults with pulmonary TB: a controlled clinical trial. Int J Tuberc.Lung Dis 2007;11(8):854-859. View abstract.

Semba, R. D., Lyles, C. M., Margolick, J. B., Caiaffa, W. T., Farzadegan, H., Cohn, S., and Vlahov, D. Vitamin A supplementation and human immunodeficiency virus load in injection drug users. J Infect.Dis 1998;177(3):611-616. View abstract.

Semba, R. D., Munasir, Z., Akib, A., Melikian, G., Permaesih, D., Muherdiyantiningsih, Marituti, S., and Muhilal. Integration of vitamin A supplementation with the Expanded Programme on Immunization: lack of impact on morbidity or infant growth. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90(10):1107-1111. View abstract.

Semba, R. D., Ndugwa, C., Perry, R. T., Clark, T. D., Jackson, J. B., Melikian, G., Tielsch, J., and Mmiro, F. Effect of periodic vitamin A supplementation on mortality and morbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Uganda: A controlled clinical trial. Nutrition 2005;21(1):25-31. View abstract.

Sempertegui, F., Estrella, B., Camaniero, V., Betancourt, V., Izurieta, R., Ortiz, W., Fiallo, E., Troya, S., Rodriguez, A., and Griffiths, J. K. The beneficial effects of weekly low-dose vitamin A supplementation on acute lower respiratory infections and diarrhea in Ecuadorian children. Pediatrics 1999;104(1):e1. View abstract.

Sesso, H. D., Buring, J. E., Christen, W. G., Kurth, T., Belanger, C., MacFadyen, J., Bubes, V., Manson, J. E., Glynn, R. J., and Gaziano, J. M. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 11-12-2008;300(18):2123-2133. View abstract.

Seyedrezazadeh, E., Ostadrahimi, A., Mahboob, S., Assadi, Y., Ghaemmagami, J., and Pourmogaddam, M. Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on oxidative stress status in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Respirology. 2008;13(2):294-298. View abstract.

Shankar, A. H., Jahari, A. B., Sebayang, S. K., Aditiawarman, Apriatni, M., Harefa, B., Muadz, H., Soesbandoro, S. D., Tjiong, R., Fachry, A., Shankar, A. V., Atmarita, Prihatini, S., and Sofia, G. Effect of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation on fetal loss and infant death in Indonesia: a double-blind cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 1-19-2008;371(9608):215-227. View abstract.

Shankar, A. V., West, K. P., Jr., Gittelsohn, J., Katz, J., and Pradhan, R. Chronic low intakes of vitamin A-rich foods in households with xerophthalmic children: a case-control study in Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64(2):242-248. View abstract.

Shann, F. Meta-analysis of trials of prophylactic antibiotics for children with measles: inadequate evidence. BMJ 2-1-1997;314(7077):334-336. View abstract.

Shannon, J., Thomas, D. B., Ray, R. M., Kestin, M., Koetsawang, A., Koetsawang, S., Chitnarong, K., Kiviat, N., and Kuypers, J. Dietary risk factors for invasive and in-situ cervical carcinomas in Bangkok, Thailand. Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(8):691-699. View abstract.

Sharma, J. B., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Malhotra, M., Arora, R., Prasad, S., and Batra, S. Effect of lycopene on pre-eclampsia and intra-uterine growth retardation in primigravidas. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 2003;81(3):257-262. View abstract.

Shatrugna, V., Raman, L., Uma, K., and Sujatha, T. Interaction between vitamin A and iron: effects of supplements in pregnancy. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res. 1997;67(3):145-148. View abstract.

Shen, Z. X., Shi, Z. Z., Fang, J., Gu, B. W., Li, J. M., Zhu, Y. M., Shi, J. Y., Zheng, P. Z., Yan, H., Liu, Y. F., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Wu, W., Tang, W., Waxman, S., de, The H., Wang, Z. Y., Chen, S. J., and Chen, Z. All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 4-13-2004;101(15):5328-5335. View abstract.

Shenai, J. P., Kennedy, K. A., Chytil, F., and Stahlman, M. T. Clinical trial of vitamin A supplementation in infants susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 1987;111(2):269-277. View abstract.

Shey, W. I., Brocklehurst, P., and Sterne, J. A. Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD003648. View abstract.

Shibata, A., Paganini-Hill, A., Ross, R. K., and Henderson, B. E. Intake of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br.J.Cancer 1992;66(4):673-679. View abstract.

Shimizu, M., Sakai, H., and Moriwaki, H. Chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by acyclic retinoid. Front Biosci.(Landmark.Ed) 2011;16:759-769. View abstract.

Si, N. V., Grytter, C., Vy, N. N., Hue, N. B., and Pedersen, F. K. High dose vitamin A supplementation in the course of pneumonia in Vietnamese children. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(10):1052-1055. View abstract.

Simpson, R. C., Grindlay, D. J., and Williams, H. C. What's new in acne? An analysis of systematic reviews and clinically significant trials published in 2010-11. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 2011;36(8):840-843. View abstract.

Sinclair, D., Abba, K., Grobler, L., and Sudarsanam, T. D. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(11):CD006086. View abstract.

Singh, V. and West, K. P., Jr. Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia among school-aged children in Southeastern Asia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(10):1342-1349. View abstract.

Sloberg, K., Hersle, K., Mobacken, H., and Thilander, H. Topical tretinoin therapy and oral lichen planus. Arch.Dermatol. 1979;115(6):716-718. View abstract.

Smith, J. C., Makdani, D., Hegar, A., Rao, D., and Douglass, L. W. Vitamin A and zinc supplementation of preschool children. J Am.Coll.Nutr 1999;18(3):213-222. View abstract.

Sommer, A., Tarwotjo, I., Djunaedi, E., West, K. P., Jr., Loeden, A. A., Tilden, R., and Mele, L. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. A randomised controlled community trial. Lancet 5-24-1986;1(8491):1169-1173. View abstract.

Stabell, C., Bale, C., Pedro da, Silva A., Olsen, J., and Aaby, P. No evidence of fontanelle-bulging episodes after vitamin A supplementation of 6- and 9-month-old infants in Guinea Bissau. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49(1):73-74. View abstract.

Stansfield, S. K., Pierre-Louis, M., Lerebours, G., and Augustin, A. Vitamin A supplementation and increased prevalence of childhood diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections. Lancet 9-4-1993;342(8871):578-582. View abstract.

Stephensen, C. B., Franchi, L. M., Hernandez, H., Campos, M., Gilman, R. H., and Alvarez, J. O. Adverse effects of high-dose vitamin A supplements in children hospitalized with pneumonia. Pediatrics 1998;101(5):E3. View abstract.

Stern, R. S. and Coopman, S. A. The measure of youth. Arch Dermatol 1992;128(3):390-393. View abstract.

Stern, R. S., Fitzgerald, E., Ellis, C. N., Lowe, N., Goldfarb, M. T., and Baughman, R. D. The safety of etretinate as long-term therapy for psoriasis: results of the etretinate follow-up study. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1995;33(1):44-52. View abstract.

Stewart, S., Prince, M., Bassendine, M., Hudson, M., James, O., Jones, D., Record, C., and Day, C. P. A randomized trial of antioxidant therapy alone or with corticosteroids in acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2007;47(2):277-283. View abstract.

Stich, H. F., Hornby, A. P., Mathew, B., Sankaranarayanan, R., and Nair, M. K. Response of oral leukoplakias to the administration of vitamin A. Cancer Lett 1988;40(1):93-101. View abstract.

Stoltzfus, R. J., Hakimi, M., Miller, K. W., Rasmussen, K. M., Dawiesah, S., Habicht, J. P., and Dibley, M. J. High dose vitamin A supplementation of breast-feeding Indonesian mothers: effects on the vitamin A status of mother and infant. J Nutr 1993;123(4):666-675. View abstract.

Stratton, J. and Godwin, M. The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam.Pract. 2011;28(3):243-252. View abstract.

Su XL, XiaWL. Combined treatment of All-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in patients with new-diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Lin Chuan Yu Shi Jian 2006;10:338-339.

Sudfeld, C. R., Navar, A. M., and Halsey, N. A. Effectiveness of measles vaccination and vitamin A treatment. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39 Suppl 1:i48-i55. View abstract.

Suharno, D., West, C. E., Muhilal, Karyadi, D., and Hautvast, J. G. Supplementation with vitamin A and iron for nutritional anaemia in pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia. Lancet 11-27-1993;342(8883):1325-1328. View abstract.

Sundstrom, A., Alfredsson, L., Sjolin-Forsberg, G., Gerden, B., Bergman, U., and Jokinen, J. Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study. BMJ 2010;341:c5812. View abstract.

Suprapto, B., Widardo, and Suhanantyo. Effect of low-dosage vitamin A and riboflavin on iron-folate supplementation in anaemic pregnant women. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2002;11(4):263-267. View abstract.

Takagi, H., Kakizaki, S., Sohara, N., Sato, K., Tsukioka, G., Tago, Y., Konaka, K., Kabeya, K., Kaneko, M., Takayama, H., Hashimoto, Y., Yamada, T., Takahashi, H., Shimojo, H., Nagamine, T., and Mori, M. Pilot clinical trial of the use of alpha-tocopherol for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2003;73(6):411-415. View abstract.

Tanew, A., Guggenbichler, A., Honigsmann, H., Geiger, J. M., and Fritsch, P. Photochemotherapy for severe psoriasis without or in combination with acitretin: a randomized, double-blind comparison study. J Am Acad.Dermatol. 1991;25(4):682-684. View abstract.

Tangrea, J. A., Edwards, B. K., Taylor, P. R., Hartman, A. M., Peck, G. L., Salasche, S. J., Menon, P. A., Benson, P. M., Mellette, J. R., Guill, M. A., and . Long-term therapy with low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of basal cell carcinoma: a multicenter clinical trial. Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinoma Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 3-4-1992;84(5):328-332. View abstract.

Tanumihardjo, S. A. Vitamin A and iron status are improved by vitamin A and iron supplementation in pregnant Indonesian women. J Nutr 2002;132(7):1909-1912. View abstract.

Taylor, P. R., Wang, G. Q., Dawsey, S. M., Guo, W., Mark, S. D., Li, J. Y., Blot, W. J., and Li, B. Effect of nutrition intervention on intermediate endpoints in esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis. Am J Clin.Nutr 1995;62(6 Suppl):1420S-1423S. View abstract.

ter Kuile, F. O., Terlouw, D. J., Kariuki, S. K., Phillips-Howard, P. A., Mirel, L. B., Hawley, W. A., Friedman, J. F., Shi, Y. P., Kolczak, M. S., Lal, A. A., Vulule, J. M., and Nahlen, B. L. Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop.Med Hyg. 2003;68(4 Suppl):68-77. View abstract.

Terlouw, D. J., Desai, M. R., Wannemuehler, K. A., Kariuki, S. K., Pfeiffer, C. M., Kager, P. A., Shi, Y. P., and ter Kuile, F. O. Relation between the response to iron supplementation and sickle cell hemoglobin phenotype in preschool children in western Kenya. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(3):466-472. View abstract.

Testi, A. M., Biondi, A., Lo, Coco F., Moleti, M. L., Giona, F., Vignetti, M., Menna, G., Locatelli, F., Pession, A., Barisone, E., De, Rossi G., Diverio, D., Micalizzi, C., Arico, M., Basso, G., Foa, R., and Mandelli, F. GIMEMA-AIEOPAIDA protocol for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in children. Blood 7-15-2005;106(2):447-453. View abstract.

Tete, S., Pappalardo, S., Rubini, C., Salini, L., Falco, A., and Perfetti, E. G. The role of apoptosis and bcl-2 protein in topical treatment of oral leukoplakia with isotretinoin. Minerva Stomatol. 1999;48(9):411-418. View abstract.

Theodoratou, E., Al-Jilaihawi, S., Woodward, F., Ferguson, J., Jhass, A., Balliet, M., Kolcic, I., Sadruddin, S., Duke, T., Rudan, I., and Campbell, H. The effect of case management on childhood pneumonia mortality in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39 Suppl 1:i155-i171. View abstract.

Thiboutot, D., Gold, M. H., Jarratt, M. T., Kang, S., Kaplan, D. L., Millikan, L., Wolfe, J., Loesche, C., and Baker, M. Randomized controlled trial of the tolerability, safety, and efficacy of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin microsphere gel 0.1% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Cutis 2001;68(4 Suppl):10-19. View abstract.

Thielitz, A. and Gollnick, H. [Rosacea. Systemic therapy with retinoids]. Hautarzt 2011;62(11):820-827. View abstract.

Thior, I., Lockman, S., Smeaton, L. M., Shapiro, R. L., Wester, C., Heymann, S. J., Gilbert, P. B., Stevens, L., Peter, T., Kim, S., van, Widenfelt E., Moffat, C., Ndase, P., Arimi, P., Kebaabetswe, P., Mazonde, P., Makhema, J., McIntosh, K., Novitsky, V., Lee, T. H., Marlink, R., Lagakos, S., and Essex, M. Breastfeeding plus infant zidovudine prophylaxis for 6 months vs formula feeding plus infant zidovudine for 1 month to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana: a randomized trial: the Mashi Study. JAMA 8-16-2006;296(7):794-805. View abstract.

Thorne, E. G., Lufrano, L., Boateng, F., and Sampson, A. R. Effect of tretinoin emollient cream on photodamaged skin: relationship between clinical improvement and skin irritation. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(4):655-656. View abstract.

Thorne-Lyman, A. L. and Fawzi, W. W. Vitamin A and carotenoids during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol. 2012;26 Suppl 1:36-54. View abstract.

Thune P. Treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis with Tigason. Dermatologica. 1982;164:67-72.

Thurnham, D. I., McCabe, G. P., Northrop-Clewes, C. A., and Nestel, P. Effects of subclinical infection on plasma retinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysis. Lancet 12-20-2003;362(9401):2052-2058. View abstract.

Tomita, L. Y., Longatto, Filho A., Costa, M. C., Andreoli, M. A., Villa, L. L., Franco, E. L., and Cardoso, M. A. Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among low-income Brazilian women. Int.J.Cancer 2-1-2010;126(3):703-714. View abstract.

Torheim, L. E., Ferguson, E. L., Penrose, K., and Arimond, M. Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients. J Nutr 2010;140(11):2051S-2058S. View abstract.

Torok, L., Galuska, L., Kasa, M., and Kadar, L. Bone-scintigraphic examinations in patients treated with retinoids: a prospective study. Br.J Dermatol. 1989;120(1):31-36. View abstract.

Tosti, A., Ricotti, C., Romanelli, P., Cameli, N., and Piraccini, B. M. Evaluation of the efficacy of acitretin therapy for nail psoriasis. Arch.Dermatol. 2009;145(3):269-271. View abstract.

Tyson, J. E., Wright, L. L., Oh, W., Kennedy, K. A., Mele, L., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Stoll, B. J., Lemons, J. A., Stevenson, D. K., Bauer, C. R., Korones, S. B., and Fanaroff, A. A. Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. N Engl.J Med 6-24-1999;340(25):1962-1968. View abstract.

Ulbricht, C. E. and Chao, W. Phytochemicals in the oncology setting. Curr Treat Options.Oncol. 2010;11(3-4):95-106. View abstract.

Underwood, B. A. Was the "anti-infective" vitamin misnamed? Nutr Rev 1994;52(4):140-143. View abstract.

van de Kerkhof, P. C., Cambazard, F., Hutchinson, P. E., Haneke, E., Wong, E., Souteyrand, P., Damstra, R. J., Combemale, P., Neumann, M. H., Chalmers, R. J., Olsen, L., and Revuz, J. The effect of addition of calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g) to acitretin therapy in psoriasis. Br.J Dermatol. 1998;138(1):84-89. View abstract.

van den Broek, N. R., White, S. A., Flowers, C., Cook, J. D., Letsky, E. A., Tanumihardjo, S. A., Mhango, C., Molyneux, M., and Neilson, J. P. Randomised trial of vitamin A supplementation in pregnant women in rural Malawi found to be anaemic on screening by HemoCue. BJOG. 2006;113(5):569-576. View abstract.

van den Broek, N., Dou, L., Othman, M., Neilson, J. P., Gates, S., and Gulmezoglu, A. M. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(11):CD008666. View abstract.

van den Broek, N., Kulier, R., Gulmezoglu, A. M., and Villar, J. WITHDRAWN: Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev 2010;(11):CD001996. View abstract.

Van Dooren-Greebe, R. J., Lemmens, J. A., De, Boo T., Hangx, N. M., Kuijpers, A. L., and van de Kerkhof, P. C. Prolonged treatment with oral retinoids in adults: no influence on the frequency and severity of spinal abnormalities. Br.J Dermatol. 1996;134(1):71-76. View abstract.

Van, D. E., Kulier, R., Gulmezoglu, A. M., and Villar, J. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(4):CD001996. View abstract.

Van, Gossum A. and Neve, J. Low selenium status in alcoholic cirrhosis is correlated with aminopyrine breath test. Preliminary effects of selenium supplementation. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;47(1-3):201-207. View abstract.

van, Woensel J. and Kimpen, J. Therapy for respiratory tract infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Eur J Pediatr 2000;159(6):391-398. View abstract.

Vecchia, C et al. Dietary factors and the risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 1987;10(4):205-214.

Venkatarao, T., Ramakrishnan, R., Nair, N. G., Radhakrishnan, S., Sundaramoorthy, L., Koya, P. K., and Kumar, S. K. Effect of vitamin A supplementation to mother and infant on morbidity in infancy. Indian Pediatr 1996;33(4):279-286. View abstract.

Verhoeven, D. T., Assen, N., Goldbohm, R. A., Dorant, E., van, 't, V, Sturmans, F., Hermus, R. J., and Van den Brandt, P. A. Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Br.J Cancer 1997;75(1):149-155. View abstract.

Verreault, R., Chu, J., Mandelson, M., and Shy, K. A case-control study of diet and invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 6-15-1989;43(6):1050-1054. View abstract.

Vestergaard, P., Rejnmark, L., and Mosekilde, L. High-dose treatment with vitamin A analogues and risk of fractures. Arch.Dermatol. 2010;146(5):478-482. View abstract.

Vijayaraghavan, K., Radhaiah, G., Prakasam, B. S., Sarma, K. V., and Reddy, V. Effect of massive dose vitamin A on morbidity and mortality in Indian children. Lancet 12-1-1990;336(8727):1342-1345. View abstract.

Villablanca, J. G., Khan, A. A., Avramis, V. I., Seeger, R. C., Matthay, K. K., Ramsay, N. K., and Reynolds, C. P. Phase I trial of 13-cis-retinoic acid in children with neuroblastoma following bone marrow transplantation. J Clin.Oncol. 1995;13(4):894-901. View abstract.

Villablanca, J. G., London, W. B., Naranjo, A., McGrady, P., Ames, M. M., Reid, J. M., McGovern, R. M., Buhrow, S. A., Jackson, H., Stranzinger, E., Kitchen, B. J., Sondel, P. M., Parisi, M. T., Shulkin, B., Yanik, G. A., Cohn, S. L., and Reynolds, C. P. Phase II study of oral capsular 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR/fenretinide) in pediatric patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin.Cancer Res 11-1-2011;17(21):6858-6866. View abstract.

Villamor, E., Mbise, R., Spiegelman, D., Hertzmark, E., Fataki, M., Peterson, K. E., Ndossi, G., and Fawzi, W. W. Vitamin A supplements ameliorate the adverse effect of HIV-1, malaria, and diarrheal infections on child growth. Pediatrics 2002;109(1):E6. View abstract.

Villamor, E., Mugusi, F., Urassa, W., Bosch, R. J., Saathoff, E., Matsumoto, K., Meydani, S. N., and Fawzi, W. W. A trial of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on treatment outcome, T cell counts, morbidity, and mortality in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect.Dis. 6-1-2008;197(11):1499-1505. View abstract.

Vinutha, B., Mehta, M. N., and Shanbag, P. Vitamin a status of pregnant women and effect of post partum vitamin a supplementation. Indian Pediatr 2000;37(11):1188-1193. View abstract.

von, Herbay A., Stahl, W., Niederau, C., and Sies, H. Vitamin E improves the aminotransferase status of patients suffering from viral hepatitis C: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Free Radic.Res 1997;27(6):599-605. View abstract.

Wachnik-Swiecicka, A. and Rudzka-Kantoch, Z. [An evaluation of vitamin A status based on the measurement of retinol in the serum of children and infants]. Pediatr Pol 1995;70(4):303-306. View abstract.

Wakai, K., Matsuo, K., Nagata, C., Mizoue, T., Tanaka, K., Tsuji, I., Sasazuki, S., Shimazu, T., Sawada, N., Inoue, M., and Tsugane, S. Lung cancer risk and consumption of vegetables and fruit: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence from Japan. Jpn.J Clin.Oncol. 2011;41(5):693-708. View abstract.

Walmsley, S., Northfelt, D. W., Melosky, B., Conant, M., Friedman-Kien, A. E., and Wagner, B. Treatment of AIDS-related cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma with topical alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) gel. Panretin Gel North American Study Group. J Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 11-1-1999;22(3):235-246. View abstract.

Wang, C., Baumgartner, R. N., Yang, D., Slattery, M. L., Murtaugh, M. A., Byers, T., Hines, L. M., Giuliano, A. R., and Baumgartner, K. B. No evidence of association between breast cancer risk and dietary carotenoids, retinols, vitamin C and tocopherols in Southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;114(1):137-145. View abstract.

Wang, G. J., Li, W., Cui, J. W., Gao, S. J., Yao, C., Jiang, Z. Y., Song, Y. Q., Yuan, C. J., Yang, Y., and Liu, Z. L. [Therapeutic effects of combination of arsenic trioxide with low-dose all-trans retinoic acid on induction of remission acute promyeloeytic leukemia]. Zhonghua Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 4-27-2005;85(16):1093-1096. View abstract.

Wang, G., Li, W., Cui, J., Gao, S., Yao, C., Jiang, Z., Song, Y., Yuan, C. J., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., and Cai, L. An efficient therapeutic approach to patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia using a combination of arsenic trioxide with low-dose all-trans retinoic acid. Hematol.Oncol. 2004;22(2):63-71. View abstract.

Wang, H., Chen, X. Y., Wang, B. S., Rong, Z. X., Qi, H., and Chen, H. Z. The efficacy and safety of arsenic trioxide with or without all-trans retinoic acid for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Leuk.Res 2011;35(9):1170-1177. View abstract.

Wardle, S. P., Hughes, A., Chen, S., and Shaw, N. J. Randomised controlled trial of oral vitamin A supplementation in preterm infants to prevent chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;84(1):F9-F13. View abstract.

Wasantwisut, E. Nutrition and development: other micronutrients' effect on growth and cognition. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med Public Health 1997;28 Suppl 2:78-82. View abstract.

Weber, D. and Grune, T. The contribution of beta-carotene to vitamin A supply of humans. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2012;56(2):251-258. View abstract.

Webster, G. F. Evidence-based review: fixed-combination therapy and topical retinoids in the treatment of acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(6):636-644. View abstract.

Weinstein, G. D., Nigra, T. P., Pochi, P. E., Savin, R. C., Allan, A., Benik, K., Jeffes, E., Lufrano, L., and Thorne, E. G. Topical tretinoin for treatment of photodamaged skin. A multicenter study. Arch Dermatol 1991;127(5):659-665. View abstract.

Weiss, J. S., Ellis, C. N., Headington, J. T., Tincoff, T., Hamilton, T. A., and Voorhees, J. J. Topical tretinoin improves photoaged skin. A double-blind vehicle-controlled study. JAMA 1-22-1988;259(4):527-532. View abstract.

Wejse, C., Gomes, V. F., Rabna, P., Gustafson, P., Aaby, P., Lisse, I. M., Andersen, P. L., Glerup, H., and Sodemann, M. Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med 5-1-2009;179(9):843-850. View abstract.

Werkman, S. H., Peeples, J. M., Cooke, R. J., Tolley, E. A., and Carlson, S. E. Effect of vitamin A supplementation of intravenous lipids on early vitamin A intake and status of premature infants. Am J Clin.Nutr 1994;59(3):586-592. View abstract.

West K, Christian P Labrique A Rashid M Shamim A Klemm R et al. Effects of vitamin A or beta carotene supplementation on pregnancy-related mortality and infant mortality in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2011;305:1986-1995.

West, K. P., Jr., Djunaedi, E., Pandji, A., Kusdiono, Tarwotjo, I., and Sommer, A. Vitamin A supplementation and growth: a randomized community trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(5):1257-1264. View abstract.

West, K. P., Jr., Katz, J., Shrestha, S. R., LeClerq, S. C., Khatry, S. K., Pradhan, E. K., Adhikari, R., Wu, L. S., Pokhrel, R. P., and Sommer, A. Mortality of infants < 6 mo of age supplemented with vitamin A: a randomized, double-masked trial in Nepal. Am J Clin.Nutr 1995;62(1):143-148. View abstract.

West, K. P., Jr., Pokhrel, R. P., Katz, J., LeClerq, S. C., Khatry, S. K., Shrestha, S. R., Pradhan, E. K., Tielsch, J. M., Pandey, M. R., and Sommer, A. Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal. Lancet 7-13-1991;338(8759):67-71. View abstract.

West, K. P., LeClerq, S. C., Shrestha, S. R., Wu, L. S., Pradhan, E. K., Khatry, S. K., Katz, J., Adhikari, R., and Sommer, A. Effects of vitamin A on growth of vitamin A-deficient children: field studies in Nepal. J Nutr 1997;127(10):1957-1965. View abstract.

White, S. I., Marks, J. M., and Shuster, S. Etretinate in pustular psoriasis of palms and soles. Br.J Dermatol. 1985;113(5):581-585. View abstract.

White, S. I., Puttick, L., and Marks, J. M. Low-dose etretinate in the maintenance of remission of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br.J Dermatol. 1986;115(5):577-582. View abstract.

Wilson, D. J., Kay, V., Charig, M., Hughes, D. G., and Creasy, T. S. Skeletal hyperostosis and extraosseous calcification in patients receiving long-term etretinate (Tigason). Br.J Dermatol. 1988;119(5):597-607. View abstract.

Witte, K. K., Nikitin, N. P., Parker, A. C., von Haehling, S., Volk, H. D., Anker, S. D., Clark, A. L., and Cleland, J. G. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005;26(21):2238-2244. View abstract.

Wiysonge, C. S., Shey, M. S., Sterne, J. A., and Brocklehurst, P. Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(4):CD003648. View abstract.

Wiysonge, C. S., Shey, M., Kongnyuy, E. J., Sterne, J. A., and Brocklehurst, P. Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(1):CD003648. View abstract.

Wolska, H., Jablonska, S., Langner, A., and Fraczykowska, M. Etretinate therapy in generalized pustular psoriasis (Zumbusch type). Immediate and long-term results. Dermatologica 1985;171(5):297-304. View abstract.

Worner, T. M., Gordon, G. G., Leo, M. A., and Lieber, C. S. Vitamin A treatment of sexual dysfunction in male alcoholics. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48(6):1431-1435. View abstract.

Yakoob, M. Y., Menezes, E. V., Soomro, T., Haws, R. A., Darmstadt, G. L., and Bhutta, Z. A. Reducing stillbirths: behavioural and nutritional interventions before and during pregnancy. BMC.Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9 Suppl 1:S3. View abstract.

Yang, Y. X., Han, J. H., Shao, X. P., He, M., Bian, L. H., Wang, Z., Wang, G. D., and Men, J. H. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the growth of preschool children in China. Biomed.Environ Sci 2002;15(3):196-202. View abstract.

Yu, A. L., Gilman, A. L., Ozkaynak, M. F., London, W. B., Kreissman, S. G., Chen, H. X., Smith, M., Anderson, B., Villablanca, J. G., Matthay, K. K., Shimada, H., Grupp, S. A., Seeger, R., Reynolds, C. P., Buxton, A., Reisfeld, R. A., Gillies, S. D., Cohn, S. L., Maris, J. M., and Sondel, P. M. Anti-GD2 antibody with GM-CSF, interleukin-2, and isotretinoin for neuroblastoma. N.Engl.J Med. 9-30-2010;363(14):1324-1334. View abstract.

Yu, S. Y., Zhu, Y. J., and Li, W. G. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol Trace Elem.Res 1997;56(1):117-124. View abstract.

Zagre, N. M., Desplats, G., Adou, P., Mamadoultaibou, A., and Aguayo, V. M. Prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation has greater impact on birthweight than supplementation with iron and folic acid: a cluster-randomized, double-blind, controlled programmatic study in rural Niger. Food Nutr Bull 2007;28(3):317-327. View abstract.

Zaridze, D., Lifanova, Y., Maximovitch, D., Day, N. E., and Duffy, S. W. Diet, alcohol consumption and reproductive factors in a case-control study of breast cancer in Moscow. Int J Cancer 6-19-1991;48(4):493-501. View abstract.

Zegarelli, D. J. Treatment of oral lichen planus with topical vitamin A acid. J Oral Med. 1984;39(3):186-191. View abstract.

Zeichner, J. A. Optimizing topical combination therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(3):313-317. View abstract.

Zhang J. Observation for vitamin A as a complementary agent in the treatment of bronchopneumonia. Journal of Jining Medical College 1999;22(2):55.

Zhang, C. X., Ho, S. C., Chen, Y. M., Fu, J. H., Cheng, S. Z., and Lin, F. Y. Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer 7-1-2009;125(1):181-188. View abstract.

Zhang, X., Dai, B., Zhang, B., and Wang, Z. Vitamin A and risk of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Gynecol.Oncol. 2012;124(2):366-373. View abstract.

Zhu, S., Mason, J., Shi, Y., Hu, Y., Li, R., Wahg, M., Zhou, Y., Jin, G., Xie, Y., Wu, G., Xia, D., Qian, Z., Sohg, H., Zhang, L., Russell, R., and Xiao, S. The effect of folic acid on the development of stomach and other gastrointestinal cancers. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 2003;116(1):15-19. View abstract.

Ziegler, R. G., Brinton, L. A., Hamman, R. F., Lehman, H. F., Levine, R. S., Mallin, K., Norman, S. A., Rosenthal, J. F., Trumble, A. C., and Hoover, R. N. Diet and the risk of invasive cervical cancer among white women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132(3):432-445. View abstract.

Ziegler, R. G., Jones, C. J., Brinton, L. A., Norman, S. A., Mallin, K., Levine, R. S., Lehman, H. F., Hamman, R. F., Trumble, A. C., Rosenthal, J. F., and . Diet and the risk of in situ cervical cancer among white women in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 1991;2(1):17-29. View abstract.

Ahmed F, Bamji MS, Iyengar L. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin nutrition status. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:606-15.. View abstract.

Al-Mekhlafi HM, Anuar TS, Al-Zabedi EM, Al-Maktari MT, Mahdy MA, Ahmed A, Sallam AA, Abdullah WA, Moktar N, Surin J. Does vitamin A supplementation protect schoolchildren from acquiring soil-transmitted helminthiasis? A randomized controlled trial. Parasit Vectors. 2014 15;7:367. View abstract.

Awasthi S, Peto R, Read S, Clark S, Pande V, Bundy D; DEVTA (Deworming and Enhanced Vitamin A) team. Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013 27;381(9876):1469-77. View abstract.

Ayres S, Mihan R, Scribner MD. Synergism of vitamins A and E with dermatologic applications. Cutis 1979;23:600-3, 689-90.. View abstract.

Azais-Braesco V, Pascal G. Vitamin A in pregnancy: requirements and safety limits. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1325S-33S. View abstract.

Ballew C, Bowman BA, Russell RM, et al. Serum retinyl esters are not associated with biochemical markers of liver dysfunction in adult participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988--1994. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:934-40.. View abstract.

Barrowman JA, Broomhall J, Cannon AM, et al. Impairment of vitamin A absorption by neomycin. Clin Sci 1972;42:17P. View abstract.

Bauernfeind JC, Newmark H, Brin M. Vitamins A and E nutrition via intramuscular or oral route. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:234-53.. View abstract.

Becker GL. The case against mineral oil. Am J Digestive Dis 1952;19:344-8. View abstract.

Bendich A, Langseth L. Safety of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:358-71.. View abstract.

Benn CS, Diness BR, Balde I, Rodrigues A, Lausch KR, Martins CL, Fisker AB, Aaby P. Two different doses of supplemental vitamin A did not affect mortality of normal-birth-weight neonates in Guinea-Bissau in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr. 2014;144(9):1474-9. View abstract.

Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:761-72. View abstract.

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm? PLoS One. 2013 Sep 6;8(9):e74558. View abstract.

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007;297:842-57. View abstract.

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2004;364:1219-28. View abstract.

Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR. Nutritional intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1483-92. View abstract.

Bonelli L, Puntoni M, Gatteschi B, et al. Antioxidant supplement and long-term reduction of recurrent adenomas of the large bowel. A double-blind randomized trial. J Gastroenterol 2013;48(6):698-705. View abstract.

Botterweck AA, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Vitamins, carotenoids, dietary fiber, and the risk of gastric carcinoma: results from a prospective study after 6.3 years of follow-up. Cancer 2000;88:737-48.. View abstract.

Christian P, Khatry SK, Yamini S, et al. Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:1045-51. View abstract.

Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, et al. Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces but does not eliminate maternal night blindness in Nepal. J Nutr 1998;128:1458-63. View abstract.

Christian P, West KP, Khatry SK, et al. Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces symptoms of illness in pregnant and lactating Nepali women. J Nutr 2000;130:2675-82. View abstract.

Clark JH, Russell GJ, Fitzgerald JF, et al. Serum beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol levels during mineral oil therapy for constipation. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:1210-2. View abstract.

Cui YH, Jing CX, Pan HW. Association of blood antioxidants and vitamins with risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(3):778-86. View abstract.

Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2000;10:450-6. View abstract.

Dagnelie PC, Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Van den Brandt PA. Diet, anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk: a review of prospective cohort and intervention studies. BJU Int 2004;93:1139-50. View abstract.

Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat. JAMA 1999;281:235-42. View abstract.

Denke MA. Dietary retinol--a double-edged sword. JAMA 2002;287:102-4. View abstract.

DiPalma JR, Ritchie DM. Vitamin Toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1977;17:133-48.. View abstract.

Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, et al. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:630-9.. View abstract.

Edmond KM, Newton S, Shannon C, O'Leary M, Hurt L, Thomas G, Amenga-Etego S, Tawiah-Agyemang C, Gram L, Hurt CN, Bahl R, Owusu-Agyei S, Kirkwood BR. Effect of early neonatal vitamin A supplementation on mortality during infancy in Ghana (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 4;385(9975):1315-23. View abstract.

Elinder LS, Hadell K, Johansson J, et al. Probucol treatment decreases serum concentrations of diet-derived antioxidants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1057-63. View abstract.

Fairfield KM, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, et al. Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis. Cancer 2001;92:2318-26.. View abstract.

Fawzi WW, Mbise RL, Fataki MR, et al. Vitamin A supplementation and severity of pneumonia in children admitted to the hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:187-92. View abstract.

Fawzi WW, Mbise RL, Hertzmark E, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:127-33. View abstract.

Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:246-54. View abstract.

Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality. AIDS 2002;16:1935-44.. View abstract.

Fawzi WW, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, et al. Trial of zinc supplements in relation to pregnancy outcomes, hematologic indicators, and T cell counts among HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:161-7. View abstract.

FDA Talk Paper. Vitamin A and birth defects (T95-56). Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD. October 6, 1995.

Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002;287:47-54. View abstract.

Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Public Health Nutr 2000;3:125-50.. View abstract.

Fisker AB, Bale C, Rodrigues A, Balde I, Fernandes M, Jørgensen MJ, Danneskiold-Samsøe N, Hornshøj L, Rasmussen J, Christensen ED, Bibby BM, Aaby P, Benn CS. High-dose vitamin A with vaccination after 6 months of age: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):e739-48. View abstract.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. Available at: www.nap.edu/books/0309072794/html/.

Freeland-Graves JH. Manganese: an essential nutrient for humans. Nutr Today 1988;23:13-9.

French AL, Kirstein LM, Massad LS, et al. Association of vitamin A deficiency with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1084-9.. View abstract.

Gadhia MM, Cutter GR, Abman SH, Kinsella JP. Effects of early inhaled nitric oxide therapy and vitamin A supplementation on the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature newborns with respiratory failure. J Pediatr. 2014;164(4):744-8. View abstract.

Garcia-Casal MN, Layrisse M, Solano L, et al. Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans. J Nutr 1998;128:646-50.. View abstract.

Garrett-Laster M, Oaks L, Russell RM, Oaks E. A lowering effect of a pharmacological dose of vitamin E on serum vitamin A in normal adults. Nutr Res 1981;1:559-64.

Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate total cancer in men: the physicians' health study II randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:52-62. View abstract.

Glueck CJ, Tsang RC, Fallat RW, Scheel D. Plasma vitamin A and E levels in children with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia during therapy with diet and cholestyramine resin. Pediatrics 1974;54:51-5.. View abstract.

Graat JM, Schouten EG, Kok FJ. Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:715-21. View abstract.

Griffiths JK. The vitamin A paradox. J Pediatr 2000;137:604-7.. View abstract.

Hansten PD, Horn JR. Drug Interactions Analysis and Management. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics Inc., 1997 and updates.

Hardman JG, Limbird LL, Molinoff PB, eds. Goodman and Gillman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Harrison EH, Hussain MM. Mechanisms involved in the intestinal digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. J Nutr 2001;131:1405-8.. View abstract.

Hathcock JN, Hattan DG, Jenkins MY, et al. Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:183-202.. View abstract.

Hathcock JN. Metabolic mechanisms of drug-nutrient interactions. Fed Proc 1985;44:124-9. View abstract.

Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1145-9. View abstract.

Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2335-42. View abstract.

Hickenbottom SJ, Follett JR, Lin Y, et al. Variability in conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A in men as measured by using a double-tracer study design. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:900-7. View abstract.

Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C, E, and A and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1993;329:234-40. View abstract.

Jagadeesan V, Reddy V. Interrelationship between vitamin E and A: a clinical study. Clin Chim Acta 1978;90:71-4. View abstract.

Johansson S, Lind PM, Hakansson H, et al. Subclinical hypervitaminosis A causes fragile bones in rats. Bone 2002;31:685-9.. View abstract.

Kabat GC, Kim MY, Wactawski-Wende J, Shikany JM, Vitolins MZ, Rohan TE. Intake of antioxidant nutrients and risk of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women's Health Initiative. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64(2):245-54. View abstract.

Katz J, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, et al. Maternal low-dose vitamin A or {beta}-carotene supplementation has no effect on fetal loss and early infant mortality: a randomized, cluster trial in Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1570-6. View abstract.

Kiraly N, Balde A, Lisse IM, Eriksen HB, Aaby P, Benn CS. Vitamin A supplementation and risk of atopy: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of vitamin A supplementation at six and nine months of age. BMC Pediatr. 2013 19;13:190. View abstract.

Kiraly N, Benn CS, Biering-Sørensen S, Rodrigues A, Jensen KJ, Ravn H, Allen KJ, Aaby P. Vitamin A supplementation and BCG vaccination at birth may affect atopy in childhood: long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Allergy. 2013;68(9):1168-76. View abstract.

Kokkonen J, Mottonen M, Karttunen TJ, Lanning M. Mucosal pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract associated with intensive chemotherapy in children: vitamin A supplements do not prevent lesions. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;19:181-92.. View abstract.

Kowalski TE, Falestiny M, Furth E, Malet PF. Vitamin A hepatotoxicity: a cautionary note regarding 25,000 IU supplements. Am J Med 1994;97:523-8. View abstract.

Kumar B, Cole WC, Prasad KN. Alpha tocopheryl succinate, retinoic acid and polar carotenoids enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of a cholesterol-lowering drug on immortalized and transformed nerve cells in culture. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:628-36. View abstract.

Kusin JA, Reddy V, Sivakumar B. Vitamin E supplements and the absorption of a massive dose of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 1974;27:774-6. View abstract.

Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women's Health Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294:56-65. View abstract.

Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1071-85. View abstract.

Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics' Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results: 1. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984;251:351-64. View abstract.

Lippmann SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT). JAMA 2009;301:39-51. View abstract.

Lips P. Hypervitaminosis A and fractures. N Engl J Med 2003;348:347-9. View abstract.

Liu C, Russell RM, Seitz HK, et al. Ethanol enhances retinoic acid metabolism into polar metabolites in rat liver via induction of cytochrome P4502E1. Gastroenterology 2001;120:179-89. View abstract.

Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al. HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:1338-47. View abstract.

Lund N, Biering-Sørensen S, Andersen A, Monteiro I, Camala L, Jørgensen MJ, Aaby P, Benn CS. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation associated with a cluster of deaths and poor early growth in a randomised trial among low-birth-weight boys of vitamin A versus oral polio vaccine at birth. BMC Pediatr. 2014 28;14:214. View abstract.

Lynch SR. Interaction of iron with other nutrients. Nutr Rev 1997;55:102-10.. View abstract.

Malila N, Virtamo J, Virtanen M, et al. The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on colorectal adenomas in middle-aged male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999;8:489-93. View abstract.

Masanja H, Smith ER, Muhihi A, Briegleb C, Mshamu S, Ruben J, Noor RA, Khudyakov P, Yoshida S, Martines J, Bahl R, Fawzi WW; Neovita Tanzania Study Group. Effect of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on mortality in infants in Tanzania (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 4;385(9975):1324-32. View abstract.

Matos AC, Souza GG, Moreira V, Ramalho A. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on clinical evolution in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, according to serum levels of zinc. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27(6):1981-6. View abstract.

Mazumder S, Taneja S, Bhatia K, Yoshida S, Kaur J, Dube B, Toteja GS, Bahl R, Fontaine O, Martines J, Bhandari N; Neovita India Study Group. Efficacy of early neonatal supplementation with vitamin A to reduce mortality in infancy in Haryana, India (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 4;385(9975):1333-42. View abstract.

McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, et al. Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:814-22.. View abstract.

Melhus H, Michaelsson K, Kindmark A, et al. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:770-8. View abstract.

Melia AT, Koss-Twardy SG, Zhi J. The effect of orlistat, an inhibitor of dietary fat absorption, on the absorption of vitamins A and E in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1996;36:647-53. View abstract.

Meyers DG, Maloley PA, Weeks D. Safety of antioxidant vitamins. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:925-35. View abstract.

Meyskens FL Jr, Graham V, Chvapil M, et al. A phase I trial of beta-all-trans-retinoic acid delivered via a collagen sponge and a cervical cap for mild or moderate intraepithelial cervical neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:921-5.. View abstract.

Michaelsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum retinol levels and the risk of fracture. N Engl J Med 2003;348:287-94.. View abstract.

Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Int J Cancer 2001;91:563-7.. View abstract.

Mooij PN, Thomas CM, Doesburg WH, Eskes TK. Multivitamin supplementation in oral contraceptive users. Contraception 1991;44:277-88. View abstract.

Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Ndeezi G, Tumwine JK. Effect of vitamin A adjunct therapy for cerebral malaria in children admitted to Mulago hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(2):90-7. View abstract.

Nishiguchi S, Shiomi S, Enomoto M, et al. Does ascorbic acid prevent retinopathy during interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C? J Gastroenterol 2001;36:486-91.. View abstract.

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta-carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1150-5. View abstract.

Owusu-Agyei S, Newton S, Mahama E, Febir LG, Ali M, Adjei K, Tchum K, Alhassan L, Moleah T, Tanumihardjo SA. Impact of vitamin A with zinc supplementation on malaria morbidity in Ghana. Nutr J. 2013 23;12:131. View abstract.

Pastorino U, Infante M, Maioli M, et al. Adjuvant treatment of stage I lung cancer with high-dose vitamin A. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1216-22. View abstract.

Pearson MG, Littlewood SM, Bowden AN. Tetracycline and benign intracranial hypertension (letter). Br Med J 1981;282:568-9.. View abstract.

Penniston KL, Tanumihardjo SA. The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(2):191-201. View abstract.

Prakash P, Russell RM, Krinsky NI. In vitro inhibition of proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells treated with carotenoids or retinoids. J Nutr 2001;131:1574-80. View abstract.

Probstfield JL, Lin TL, Peters J, Hunninghake DB. Carotenoids and vitamin A: the effect of hypocholesterolemic agents on serum levels. Metabolism 1985;34:88-91. View abstract.

Radhika MS, Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, Ramalakshmi BA. Red palm oil supplementation: a feasible diet-based approach to improve vitamin A status of pregnant women and their infants. Food Nutr Bull 2003;24:208-17. View abstract.

Rahman MM, Wahed MA, Fuchs GJ, et al. Synergistic effect of zinc and vitamin A on the biochemical indexes of vitamin A nutrition in children. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:92-8. View abstract.

Ramakrishnan U., Aburto N., McCabe G., Martorell R. Multimicronutrient interventions but not vitamin a or iron interventions alone improve child growth: results of 3 meta-analyses. J Nutr 2004;134(10):2592-2602. View abstract.

Ramakrishnan U., Nguyen P., Martorell R. Effects of micronutrients on growth of children under 5 y of age: meta-analyses of single and multiple nutrient interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(1):191-203. View abstract.

Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degermation: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplement Trial). Optometry 2004;75:216-30. View abstract.

Roche, Inc. Xenical package insert. Nutley, NJ. May 1999.

Rohan TE, Howe GR, Friedenreich CM, et al. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:29-37. View abstract.

Ross AC. Addressing research questions with national survey data-the relation of vitamin A status to infection and inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1069-70. View abstract.

Russell RM. The vitamin A spectrum: from deficiency to toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:878-84. View abstract.

Schade RWB, van't Laar A, Majoor CLH, Jansen AP. A comparative study of the effects of cholestyramine and neomycin in the treatment of type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Acta Med Scand 1976;199:175-80.. View abstract.

Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, et al. The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1246-55.. View abstract.

Schwarz KB, Goldstein PD, Witztum JL, et al. Fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in hypercholestrolemic children treated with colestipol. Pediatrics 1980;65:243-50. View abstract.

Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, et al. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on anaemia and plasma erythropoietin concentrations in pregnant women: a controlled clinical trial. Eur J Haematol 2001;66:389-95.. View abstract.

Shankar AH, Genton B, Semba RD, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in Papua New Guinea: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:203-9. View abstract.

Sjostrom L, Rissanen A, Andersen T, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. Lancet 1998;352:167-73.. View abstract.

Smedts HP, de Vries JH, Rakhshandehroo M, et al. High maternal vitamin E intake by diet or supplements is associated with congenital heart defects in the offspring. BJOG 2009;116:416-23. View abstract.

Sporn MB. Retinoids and demethylating agents-looking for partners. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:780-1. View abstract.

Takeda A, Nyssen OP, Syed A, et al. Vitamin A and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;42(1):25-38. View abstract.

Thorp VJ. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin and mineral requirements. J Am Diet Assoc 1980;76:581-4.. View abstract.

Tonstad S, Silverstein M, Aksnes L, Ose L. Low dose colestipol in adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia. Arch Dis Child 1996;74:157-60. View abstract.

Tyrer LB. Nutrition and the pill. J Reprod Med 1984;29:547-50.. View abstract.

van Zandwijk N, Dalesio O, Pastorino U, et al. EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer. For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck and Lung Cancer Cooperative Groups. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:977-86. View abstract.

Vetrugno M, Maino A, Cardia G, et al. A randomised, double masked, clinical trial of high dose vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation after photorefractive keratectomy. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:537-9. View abstract.

Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, et al. Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. JAMA 2003;290:476-85.. View abstract.

Walters BN, Gubbay SS. Tetracycline and benign intracranial hypertension: report of five cases. Br Med J 1981;282:19-20.. View abstract.

Wang A, Han J, Jiang Y, Zhang D. Association of vitamin A and ß-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014 Oct;30(10):1113-21. View abstract.

Wang Z, Boudjelal M, Kang S, et al. Ultraviolet irradiation of human skin causes functional vitamin A deficiency, preventable by all-trans retinoic acid pre-treatment. Nat Med 1999;5:418-22. View abstract.

West KP Jr, Katz J, Khatry SK, et al. Double-blind cluster, randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group. BMJ 1999;318:570-5. View abstract.

West RJ, Lloyd JK. The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption. Gut 1975;16:93-8. View abstract.

Wicke C, Halliday B, Allen D, et al. Effects of steroids and retinoids on wound healing. Arch Surg 2000;135:1265-70. View abstract.

Widschwendter M, Berger J, Hermann M, et al. Methylation and silencing of the retinoic acid receptor-beta2 gene in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:826-32. View abstract.

Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Underwood BA, et al. Vitamins A, E and carotene: effects of supplementation on their plasma levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:559-66.. View abstract.

Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:547-56. View abstract.

Zimmerman CL, Han S, Wiedmann TS. The absorption of retinoic acids from the gastrointestinal tract is dependent upon chemical structure. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001;47:27-33.. View abstract.