Chimarrao, Green Mate, Hervea, Ilex, Ilex paraguariensis, Jesuit's Brazil Tea, Jesuit's Tea, Maté, Maté Folium, Paraguay Tea, St. Bartholemew's Tea, Thé de Saint Barthélémy, Thé des Jésuites, Thé du Brésil, Thé du Paraguay, Yerbamate, Yerba Mate, Yerba Maté.
Mate is a plant. The leaves are used to make medicine.
Mate is used as a stimulant to relieve mental and physical tiredness (fatigue), as well as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is also used for heart-related complaints including heart failure, irregular heartbeat, and low blood pressure.
Some people use mate to improve mood and depression; to relieve headache and joint pains; to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bladder and kidney stones; for weight loss; and as a laxative.
In foods, mate is used to make a tea-like beverage, known as maté or Yerba Maté, which is very popular in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.
How does work?
Mate contains caffeine and other chemicals which stimulate the brain, heart, muscles lining blood vessels, and other parts of the body.
Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
- Mental function. Early research suggests that drinking a beverage containing yerbe mate does not affect mental performance in healthy females.
- Diabetes. Early research suggests that drinking yerba mate tea three times daily for 60 days can lower blood sugar in people with diabetes.
- High lipid (fat) levels in the blood. Early research suggests that drinking tea containing yerba mate three times daily for 40 days can lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad”) cholesterol in people with high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. Also, drinking yerba mate tea appeasr to reduce LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL or “good”) cholesterol in people with high cholesterol who are also taking statin drugs.
- Obesity. Early research shows that taking yerba mate by mouth might cause weight loss when used in combination with guarana and damiana.
- Osteoporosis. Drinking a traditional yerba mate tea daily might reduce the rate of bone loss in postmenopausal women.
- Prediabetes. Early research suggests that drinking yerba mate tea three times daily for 60 days does not reduce blood sugar before eating in people with prediabetes. However, it might reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), a measure of average blood sugar.
- Constipation.
- Depression.
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Heart conditions.
- Kidney and bladder stones.
- Mental and physical tiredness (fatigue).
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
- Fluid retention.
- Headaches.
- Low blood pressure (hypotension).
- Other conditions.
QUESTION
Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See AnswerYerba mate is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people, when taken by mouth for short periods of time. It contains caffeine, which can cause some side effects such as inability to sleep (insomnia), nervousness and restlessness, stomach upset, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate and breathing, high blood pressure, headache, ringing in the ears, irregular heartbeats, and other side effects.
When taken in large amounts or for long periods of time, yerba mate is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. It increases the risk of mouth, esophageal, laryngeal, kidney, bladder, and lung cancer. This risk is especially high for people who smoke or drink alcohol.
When taken in very large amounts, yerba mate is LIKELY UNSAFE, due to its caffeine content.
Children: Yerba mate is POSSIBLY UNSAFE for children when taken by mouth. Yerba mate is linked with an increased risk of mouth cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and lung cancer.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Yerba mate is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth during pregnancy. One concern is that using yerba mate seems to increase the risk of getting cancer. It's not known whether that risk is transferred to the developing fetus. Another concern is the caffeine content of yerba mate. Caffeine crosses the placenta and enters the fetus' bloodstream, producing caffeine levels in the fetus that resemble the caffeine level in the mother. In general, mothers should avoid consuming more than 200 mg of caffeine daily; that's about 2 cups of coffee or tea. Infants born to mothers who consume a lot of caffeine during pregnancy sometimes show symptoms of caffeine withdrawal after birth. High doses of caffeine have also been linked with miscarriage, premature delivery, and low birth weight. However, researchers studied mothers who drank yerba mate tea during pregnancy and found no strong link between drinking yerba mate and premature delivery or small birth weight. But this study has been criticized because it did not consider the amount of yerba mate or caffeine used by the mothers; it looked only at how often they used yerba mate.
Yerba mate is also POSSIBLY UNSAFE during breast-feeding. It is not known whether the cancer-causing chemicals in yerba mate pass into breast milk, but that is a concern. The caffeine in yerba mate is also a problem. It might cause irritability and increased bowel movements in nursing infants.
Alcoholism: Heavy alcohol use combined with long-term yerba mate use increases the risk of cancer from 3-fold to 7-fold.
Anxiety disorders: The caffeine in yerba mate might make anxiety disorders worse.
Bleeding disorders: Caffeine might slow clotting. As a result, there is a concern that the caffeine in yerba mate might make bleeding disorders worse. But so far, this effect has not been reported in people.
Heart conditions: Caffeine in yerba mate can cause irregular heartbeats in certain people. If you have a heart condition, discuss using yerba mate with your healthcare provider.
Diabetes: Some research suggests that the caffeine in yerba mate may affect the way people with diabetes process sugar and may complicate blood sugar control. There is also some interesting research that suggests caffeine may make the warning symptoms of low blood sugar in people with type 1 diabetes more noticeable. Some studies show that the symptoms of low blood sugar are more intense when they start in the absence of caffeine, but as low blood sugar continues, symptoms are greater with caffeine. This might increase the ability of people with diabetes to detect and treat low blood sugar. However, the downside is that caffeine might actually increase the number of low-sugar episodes. If you have diabetes, talk with your healthcare provider before using yerba mate.
Diarrhea. Yerba mate contains caffeine. The caffeine in yerba mate, especially when taken in large amounts, can worsen diarrhea.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Yerba mate contains caffeine. The caffeine in yerba mate, especially when taken in large amounts, can worsen diarrhea and might worsen symptoms of IBS.
Glaucoma: Using yerba mate increases the pressure inside the eye due to the caffeine it contains. The increase in pressure occurs within 30 minutes and lasts for at least 90 minutes. If you have glaucoma, discuss your use of yerba mate with your healthcare provider.
High blood pressure: The caffeine in yerba mate might increase blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Consuming 250 mg of caffeine can increase blood pressure in healthy people, but this doesn't seem to happen in people who use caffeine all the time.
Weak bones (osteoporosis): Some researchers have found that postmenopausal women who drink a liter or more daily of a traditional South American yerba mate tea have higher bone density. However, the caffeine in yerba mate tends to flush calcium out of the body in the urine. This can contribute to weak bones. For this reason, many experts recommend that caffeine intake be limited to less than 300 mg per day (approximately 2-3 cups of yerba mate). Taking extra calcium may help to make up for the calcium that is flushed out.
There are some women who are at special risk for weak bones. These women have an inherited condition that makes it hard for them to use vitamin D properly. Vitamin D works with calcium to build strong bones. These women should be especially careful to limit the amount of caffeine they get from yerba mate as well as other sources.
Smoking: The risk of getting cancer is 3 to 7 times higher in people who smoke and use yerba mate for long periods of time.
AmphetaminesInteraction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Stimulant drugs such as amphetamines speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and increase your heart rate. The caffeine in yerba mate might also speed up the nervous system. Taking yerba mate along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with yerba mate.
CocaineInteraction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Stimulant drugs such as cocaine speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and increase your heart rate. The caffeine in yerba mate might also speed up the nervous system. Taking yerba mate along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with yerba mate.
EphedrineInteraction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. Caffeine (contained in yerba mate) and ephedrine are both stimulant drugs. Taking caffeine along with ephedrine might cause too much stimulation and sometimes serious side effects and heart problems. Do not take caffeine-containing products and ephedrine at the same time.
Adenosine (Adenocard)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. The caffeine in yerba mate might block the effects of adenosine (Adenocard). Adenosine (Adenocard) is often used by doctors to do a test on the heart. This test is called a cardiac stress test. Stop consuming yerba mate or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.
Antibiotics (Quinolone antibiotics)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Some antibiotics might decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking these antibiotics along with yerba mate can increase the risk of side effects including jitteriness, headache, increased heart rate, and other side effects.
Some antibiotics that decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine include ciprofloxacin (Cipro), enoxacin (Penetrex), norfloxacin (Chibroxin, Noroxin), sparfloxacin (Zagam), trovafloxacin (Trovan), and grepafloxacin (Raxar).
Cimetidine (Tagamet)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Cimetidine (Tagamet) can decrease how quickly your body breaks down caffeine. Taking cimetidine (Tagamet) along with yerba mate might increase the chance of caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and others.
Clozapine (Clozaril)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down clozapine (Clozaril) to get rid of it. The caffeine in yerba mate seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down clozapine (Clozaril). Taking yerba mate along with clozapine (Clozaril) can increase the effects and side effects of clozapine (Clozaril).
Dipyridamole (Persantine)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. The caffeine in yerba mate might block the effects of dipyridamole (Persantine). Dipyridamole (Persantine) is often used by doctors to do a test on the heart. This test is called a cardiac stress test. Stop consuming yerba mate or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.
Disulfiram (Antabuse)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Disulfiram (Antabuse) can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking yerba mate (which contains caffeine) along with disulfiram (Antabuse) might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine including jitteriness, hyperactivity, irritability, and others.
EstrogensInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down caffeine (contained in yerba mate) to get rid of it. Estrogens can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Decreasing the breakdown of caffeine can cause jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and other side effects. If you take estrogens, limit your caffeine intake.
Some estrogen pills include conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), ethinyl estradiol, estradiol, and others.
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in yerba mate to get rid of it. Fluvoxamine (Luvox) can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking yerba mate along with fluvoxamine (Luvox) might cause too much caffeine in the body, and increase the effects and side effects of yerba mate.
LithiumInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Your body naturally gets rid of lithium. The caffeine in yerba mate can increase how quickly your body gets rid of lithium. If you take products that contain caffeine and you take lithium, stop taking caffeine products slowly. Stopping yerba mate too quickly can increase the side effects of lithium.
Medications for asthma (Beta-adrenergic agonists)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the heart. Some medications for asthma can also stimulate the heart. Taking caffeine with some medications for asthma might cause too much stimulation and cause heart problems.
Some medications for asthma include albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin, Volmax), metaproterenol (Alupent), terbutaline (Bricanyl, Brethine), and isoproterenol (Isuprel).
Medications for depression (MAOIs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The caffeine in yerba mate can stimulate the body. Some medications used for depression can also stimulate the body. Drinking yerba mate and taking some medications for depression might cause too much stimulation to the body and serious side effects including fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, nervousness, and others could occur.
Some of these medications used for depression include phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), and others.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine might slow blood clotting. Taking yerba mate along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
NicotineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Stimulant drugs such as nicotine speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and increase your heart rate. The caffeine in yerba mate might also speed up the nervous system. Taking yerba mate along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with yerba mate.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The stimulant effects of the caffeine in yerba mate can block the sleep-producing effects of pentobarbital.
PhenylpropanolamineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the body. Phenylpropanolamine can also stimulate the body. Taking yerba mate and phenylpropanolamine together might cause too much stimulation and increase heartbeat and blood pressure and cause nervousness.
Riluzole (Rilutek)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down riluzole (Rilutek) to get rid of it. Taking yerba mate can decrease how fast the body breaks down riluzole (Rilutek) and increase the effects and side effects of riluzole.
Stimulant drugsInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and speed up your heartbeat. The caffeine in yerba mate can also speed up the nervous system. Consuming yerba mate along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with yerba mate.
Some stimulant drugs include diethylpropion (Tenuate), epinephrine, phentermine (Ionamin), pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), and many others.
TheophyllineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine works similarly to theophylline. Caffeine can also decrease how quickly the body gets rid of theophylline. Taking yerba mate along with theophylline might increase the effects and side effects of theophylline.
Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in yerba mate to get rid of it. Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Drinking yerba mate and taking verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can increase the risk of side effects for caffeine including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
AlcoholInteraction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in yerba mate to get rid of it. Alcohol can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking yerba mate along with alcohol might cause too much caffeine in the bloodstream and caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat.
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in yerba mate to get rid of it. Birth control pills can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking yerba mate along with birth control pills can cause jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and other side effects.
Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.
Fluconazole (Diflucan)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Fluconazole (Diflucan) might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. This could cause caffeine to stay in the body too long and increase the risk of side effects such as nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Diabetes medications are used to lower blood sugar. Yerba mate contains caffeine. Reports claim that caffeine might increase or decrease blood sugar. Yerba mate might interfere with blood sugar control and decrease the effectiveness of diabetes medications. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.
Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.
Mexiletine (Mexitil)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Yerba mate contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Mexiletine (Mexitil) can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking Mexiletine (Mexitil) along with yerba mate might increase the caffeine effects and side effects of yerba mate.
Terbinafine (Lamisil)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down caffeine (contained in yerba mate) to get rid of it. Terbinafine (Lamisil) can decrease how fast the body gets rid of caffeine and increase the risk of side effects including jitteriness, headache, increased heartbeat, and other effects.
The appropriate dose of mate depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for mate. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
SLIDESHOW
Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See SlideshowNatural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Abnet, C. C. Carcinogenic food contaminants. Cancer Invest 2007;25(3):189-196. View abstract.
Actis-Goretta, L., Mackenzie, G. G., Oteiza, P. I., and Fraga, C. G. Comparative study on the antioxidant capacity of wines and other plant-derived beverages. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2002;957:279-283. View abstract.
Alves, L. F., Leite, L. G., and Oliveira, D. G. [First record of Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) on adults of the Paraguay tea psyllid, Gyropsylla spegazziniana Lizer & Trelles (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in Brazil]. Neotrop.Entomol. 2009;38(5):697-698. View abstract.
Andrade, F. D., Piacente, S., Pizza, C., and Vilegas, W. Arbutin-2'-sulphonyl from the infusion of Ilex theezans leaves. Fitoterapia 2004;75(7-8):782-784. View abstract.
Andrews, K. W., Schweitzer, A., Zhao, C., Holden, J. M., Roseland, J. M., Brandt, M., Dwyer, J. T., Picciano, M. F., Saldanha, L. G., Fisher, K. D., Yetley, E., Betz, J. M., and Douglass, L. The caffeine contents of dietary supplements commonly purchased in the US: analysis of 53 products with caffeine-containing ingredients. Anal.Bioanal.Chem 2007;389(1):231-239. View abstract.
Araujo, H. C., Lacerda, M. E., Lopes, D., Bizzo, H. R., and Kaplan, M. A. Studies on the aroma of mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) using headspace solid-phase microextraction. Phytochem.Anal. 2007;18(6):469-474. View abstract.
Arbiser, J. L., Li, X. C., Hossain, C. F., Nagle, D. G., Smith, D. M., Miller, P., Govindarajan, B., DiCarlo, J., Landis-Piwowar, K. R., and Dou, Q. P. Naturally occurring proteasome inhibitors from mate tea (Ilex paraguayensis) serve as models for topical proteasome inhibitors. J Invest Dermatol 2005;125(2):207-212. View abstract.
Arcari, D. P., Bartchewsky, W., dos Santos, T. W., Oliveira, K. A., Funck, A., Pedrazzoli, J., de Souza, M. F., Saad, M. J., Bastos, D. H., Gambero, A., Carvalho, Pde O., and Ribeiro, M. L. Antiobesity effects of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2009;17(12):2127-2133. View abstract.
Arcari, D. P., Bartchewsky, W., Jr., dos Santos, T. W., Oliveira, K. A., DeOliveira, C. C., Gotardo, E. M., Pedrazzoli, J., Jr., Gambero, A., Ferraz, L. F., Carvalho, Pde O., and Ribeiro, M. L. Anti-inflammatory effects of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) ameliorate insulin resistance in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity. Mol.Cell Endocrinol. 3-30-2011;335(2):110-115. View abstract.
Assis, Jacques R., dos Santos, Freitas L., Flores, Peres, V, Dariva, C., de Oliveira, J. V., and Bastos, Caramao E. Chemical composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis): a study of extraction methods. J Sep.Sci. 2006;29(18):2780-2784. View abstract.
Athayde, M. L., Coelho, G. C., and Schenkel, E. P. Caffeine and theobromine in epicuticular wax of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. Phytochemistry 2000;55(7):853-857. View abstract.
Bastos, D. H., Saldanha, L. A., Catharino, R. R., Sawaya, A. C., Cunha, I. B., Carvalho, P. O., and Eberlin, M. N. Phenolic antioxidants identified by ESI-MS from Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and green tea (Camelia sinensis) extracts. Molecules. 2007;12(3):423-432. View abstract.
Bates, M. N., Hopenhayn, C., Rey, O. A., and Moore, L. E. Bladder cancer and mate consumption in Argentina: a case-control study. Cancer Lett. 2-8-2007;246(1-2):268-273. View abstract.
Bates, M. N., Rey, O. A., Biggs, M. L., Hopenhayn, C., Moore, L. E., Kalman, D., Steinmaus, C., and Smith, A. H. Case-control study of bladder cancer and exposure to arsenic in Argentina. Am J Epidemiol. 2-15-2004;159(4):381-389. View abstract.
Battagim, J., Souza, V. T., Miyasaka, N. R., Cunha, I. B., Sawaya, A. C., Fernandes, A. M., Eberlin, M. N., Ribeiro, M. L., and Carvalho, Pde O. Comparative study of the effect of green and roasted water extracts of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on glucosyltransferase activity of Streptococcus mutans. J Enzyme Inhib.Med.Chem. 2012;27(2):232-240. View abstract.
Beal, P., Faion, A. M., Cichoski, A. J., Cansian, R. L., Valduga, A. T., de, Oliveira D., and Valduga, E. Oxidative stability of fermented Italian-type sausages using mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) extract as natural antioxidant. Int.J Food Sci.Nutr. 2011;62(7):703-710. View abstract.
Berte, K. A., Beux, M. R., Spada, P. K., Salvador, M., and Hoffmann-Ribani, R. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae) extract as obtained by spray drying. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-25-2011;59(10):5523-5527. View abstract.
Binaghi, M. J., Pellegrino, N. R., and Valencia, M. E. [Mineral bioaccessibility in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St) infusions and mixtures with iron fortified milk]. Arch.Latinoam.Nutr. 2011;61(1):81-86. View abstract.
Bixby, M., Spieler, L., Menini, T., and Gugliucci, A. Ilex paraguariensis extracts are potent inhibitors of nitrosative stress: a comparative study with green tea and wines using a protein nitration model and mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Life Sci. 6-3-2005;77(3):345-358. View abstract.
Bortoluzzi, M. C., Guollo, A., and Capella, D. L. Pain levels after third molar surgical removal: an evaluation of predictive variables. J Contemp.Dent.Pract. 2011;12(4):239-244. View abstract.
Bracesco, N., Dell, M., Rocha, A., Behtash, S., Menini, T., Gugliucci, A., and Nunes, E. Antioxidant activity of a botanical extract preparation of Ilex paraguariensis: prevention of DNA double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2003;9(3):379-387. View abstract.
Bracesco, N., Sanchez, A. G., Contreras, V., Menini, T., and Gugliucci, A. Recent advances on Ilex paraguariensis research: Minireview. J Ethnopharmacol. 6-26-2010; View abstract.
Braganca, V. L., Melnikov, P., and Zanoni, L. Z. Trace elements in different brands of yerba mate tea. Biol.Trace Elem.Res 2011;144(1-3):1197-1204. View abstract.
Burris, K. P., Davidson, P. M., Stewart, C. N., Jr., and Harte, F. M. Antimicrobial activity of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) aqueous extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Sci. 2011;76(6):M456-M462. View abstract.
Cardozo, E. L., Jr., Cardozo-Filho, L., Filho, O. F., and Zanoelo, E. F. Selective liquid CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids in different Ilex paraguariensis progenies grown under environmental influences. J Agric.Food Chem. 8-22-2007;55(17):6835-6841. View abstract.
Carducci, C. N., Dabas, P. C., and Muse, J. O. Determination of inorganic cations by capillary ion electrophoresis in Ilex paraguariensis (St. H.), a plant used to prepare tea in South America. J AOAC Int. 2000;83(5):1167-1173. View abstract.
Ceni, G. C., Baldissera, E. M., Antunes, O. A., Vladimir, Oliveira J., Dariva, C., and de, Oliveira D. Oxidases from mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis): extraction optimization and stability at low and high temperatures. Bioprocess.Biosyst.Eng 2008;31(6):541-550. View abstract.
Chade, M. E., Mereles, B. E., Medvedeff, M. G., and Vedoya, M. C. [Post traumatic subcutaneous mycosis due to Fusarium solani]. Rev.Iberoam.Micol. 2003;20(1):29-30. View abstract.
Chandra, S. and De Mejia, Gonzalez E. Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract of Ardisia compressa in comparison to mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and green (Camellia sinensis) teas. J Agric.Food Chem. 6-2-2004;52(11):3583-3589. View abstract.
Coelho, G. C., Gnoatto, S. B., Bassani, V. L., and Schenkel, E. P. Quantification of saponins in extractive solution of mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.). J Med.Food 2010;13(2):439-443. View abstract.
Coentrao, Pde A., Teixeira, V. L., and Netto, A. D. Antioxidant activity of polyphenols from green and toasted mate tea. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2011;6(5):651-656. View abstract.
Colpo, G., Trevisol, F., Teixeira, A. M., Fachinetto, R., Pereira, R. P., Athayde, M. L., Rocha, J. B., and Burger, M. E. Ilex paraguariensis has antioxidant potential and attenuates haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and memory dysfunction in rats. Neurotox.Res 2007;12(3):171-180. View abstract.
Cunha, F. L., Silva, C. M., Almeida, M. G., Lameiro, T. M., Marques, L. H., Margarido, N. F., and Martinez, C. A. Reduction in oxidative stress levels in the colonic mucosa without fecal stream after the application of enemas containing aqueous Ilex paraguariensis extract. Acta Cir.Bras. 2011;26(4):289-296. View abstract.
Dasanayake, A. P., Silverman, A. J., and Warnakulasuriya, S. Mate drinking and oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(2):82-86. View abstract.
de la Garza, A. L., Milagro, F. I., Boque, N., Campion, J., and Martinez, J. A. Natural inhibitors of pancreatic lipase as new players in obesity treatment. Planta Med. 2011;77(8):773-785. View abstract.
de Morais, E. C., Stefanuto, A., Klein, G. A., Boaventura, B. C., de, Andrade F., Wazlawik, E., Di Pietro, P. F., Maraschin, M., and da Silva, E. L. Consumption of yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ) improves serum lipid parameters in healthy dyslipidemic subjects and provides an additional LDL-cholesterol reduction in individuals on statin therapy. J Agric.Food Chem. 9-23-2009;57(18):8316-8324. View abstract.
de Souza, L. M., Dartora, N., Scoparo, C. T., Cipriani, T. R., Gorin, P. A., Iacomini, M., and Sassaki, G. L. Comprehensive analysis of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) compounds: development of chemical strategies for matesaponin analysis by mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr.A 10-14-2011;1218(41):7307-7315. View abstract.
de, Andrade F., de Albuquerque, C. A., Maraschin, M., and da Silva, E. L. Safety assessment of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) dried extract: results of acute and 90 days subchronic toxicity studies in rats and rabbits. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2012;50(2):328-334. View abstract.
De, Stefani E., Boffetta, P., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Correa, P., Ronco, A. L., Brennan, P., Ferro, G., Acosta, G., and Mendilaharsu, M. Non-alcoholic beverages and risk of bladder cancer in Uruguay. BMC.Cancer 2007;7:57. View abstract.
De, Stefani E., Boffetta, P., Ronco, A. L., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Acosta, G., and Mendilaharsu, M. Dietary patterns and risk of bladder cancer: a factor analysis in Uruguay. Cancer Causes Control 2008;19(10):1243-1249. View abstract.
De, Stefani E., Correa, P., Oreggia, F., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Fernandez, G., Zavala, D., Carzoglio, J., Leiva, J., Fontham, E., and Rivero, S. Black tobacco, wine and mate in oropharyngeal cancer. A case-control study from Uruguay. Rev.Epidemiol.Sante Publique 1988;36(6):389-394. View abstract.
Di Gregorio, D. E., Huck, H., Aristegui, R., De, Lazzari G., and Jech, A. 137Cs contamination in tea and yerba mate in South America. J Environ.Radioact. 2004;76(3):273-281. View abstract.
Di Pentima, M. C., Steele-Moore, L., Muehlbauer, L., and Klein, J. D. Are your patients at risk? Fungal contamination of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil (yerba mate). Transpl.Infect.Dis 2005;7(1):47-48. View abstract.
Dickel, M. L., Rates, S. M., and Ritter, M. R. Plants popularly used for loosing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 1-3-2007;109(1):60-71. View abstract.
dos Santos, R. B. and Katz, J. Nicotinic stomatitis: positive correlation with heat in mate tea drinks and smoking. Quintessence.Int. 2009;40(7):537-540. View abstract.
Dudonne, S., Vitrac, X., Coutiere, P., Woillez, M., and Merillon, J. M. Comparative Study of Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of 30 Plant Extracts of Industrial Interest Using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC Assays. J Agric.Food Chem. 2-6-2009; View abstract.
ESCUDERO, P., ESCUDERO, A., and HERRAIZ, M. L. [Not available]. Farm.Quim. 1945;1:143-151. View abstract.
Festugato, M. Pilot study on which foods should be avoided by patients with psoriasis. An.Bras.Dermatol 2011;86(6):1103-1108. View abstract.
Filip, R. and Ferraro, G. E. Researching on new species of "Mate": Ilex brevicuspis: phytochemical and pharmacology study. Eur.J Nutr. 2003;42(1):50-54. View abstract.
Filip, R., Davicino, R., and Anesini, C. Antifungal activity of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis against Malassezia furfur. Phytother.Res 2010;24(5):715-719. View abstract.
Filip, R., Lopez, P., Giberti, G., Coussio, J., and Ferraro, G. Phenolic compounds in seven South American Ilex species. Fitoterapia 2001;72(7):774-778. View abstract.
Filip, R., Sebastian, T., Ferraro, G., and Anesini, C. Effect of Ilex extracts and isolated compounds on peroxidase secretion of rat submandibulary glands. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2007;45(4):649-655. View abstract.
Fonseca, C. A., Otto, S. S., Paumgartten, F. J., and Leitao, A. C. Nontoxic, mutagenic, and clastogenic activities of Mate-Chimarrao (Ilex paraguariensis). J.Environ.Pathol.Toxicol.Oncol. 2000;19(4):333-346. View abstract.
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Anticholinergic poisoning associated with an herbal tea--New York City, 1994. JAMA 4-19-1995;273(15):1166-1167. View abstract.
Garavello, W., Lucenteforte, E., Bosetti, C., and La, Vecchia C. The role of foods and nutrients on oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. Minerva Stomatol. 2009;58(1-2):25-34. View abstract.
Giulian, R., Santos, C. E., Shubeita, Sde M., Silva, L. M., Dias, J. F., and Yoneama, M. L. Elemental characterization of commercial mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) before and after hot water infusion using ion beam techniques. J Agric.Food Chem. 2-7-2007;55(3):741-746. View abstract.
Gnoatto, S. C., Dassonville-Klimpt, A., Da, Nascimento S., Galera, P., Boumediene, K., Gosmann, G., Sonnet, P., and Moslemi, S. Evaluation of ursolic acid isolated from Ilex paraguariensis and derivatives on aromatase inhibition. Eur.J Med.Chem. 2008;43(9):1865-1877. View abstract.
Goldenberg, D. Mate: a risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(7):646-649. View abstract.
Goldenberg, D., Lee, J., Koch, W. M., Kim, M. M., Trink, B., Sidransky, D., and Moon, C. S. Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg 2004;131(6):986-993. View abstract.
Gomes da Costa, A. M., Nogami, E. M., Visentainer, J. V., de Souza, N. E., and Garcia, E. E. Fractionation of aluminum in commercial green and roasted yerba mate samples ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) and in their infusions. J Agric.Food Chem. 1-14-2009;57(1):196-200. View abstract.
Gonzalez de, Mejia E., Song, Y. S., Ramirez-Mares, M. V., and Kobayashi, H. Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) tea on topoisomerase inhibition and oral carcinoma cell proliferation. J Agric.Food Chem. 3-23-2005;53(6):1966-1973. View abstract.
Gonzalez, A. M., Presa, M., Latorre, M. G., and Lura, M. C. [Detection of fungal metabolites showing toxic activity through Artemia salina bioassay]. Rev.Iberoam.Micol. 2007;24(1):59-61. View abstract.
Gorgen, M., Turatti, K., Medeiros, A. R., Buffon, A., Bonan, C. D., Sarkis, J. J., and Pereira, G. S. Aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis decreases nucleotide hydrolysis in rat blood serum. J Ethnopharmacol. 2-10-2005;97(1):73-77. View abstract.
Gorzalczany, S., Filip, R., Alonso, M. R., Mino, J., Ferraro, G. E., and Acevedo, C. Choleretic effect and intestinal propulsion of 'mate' (Ilex paraguariensis) and its substitutes or adulterants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75(2-3):291-294. View abstract.
Gosmann, G., Guillaume, D., Taketa, A. T., and Schenkel, E. P. Triterpenoid saponins from Ilex paraguariensis. J Nat.Prod. 1995;58(3):438-441. View abstract.
Gugliucci, A. and Bastos, D. H. Chlorogenic acid protects paraoxonase 1 activity in high density lipoprotein from inactivation caused by physiological concentrations of hypochlorite. Fitoterapia 2009;80(2):138-142. View abstract.
Gugliucci, A. and Menini, T. The botanical extracts of Achyrocline satureoides and Ilex paraguariensis prevent methylglyoxal-induced inhibition of plasminogen and antithrombin III. Life Sci. 12-6-2002;72(3):279-292. View abstract.
Gugliucci, A. and Stahl, A. J. Low density lipoprotein oxidation is inhibited by extracts of Ilex paraguariensis. Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int. 1995;35(1):47-56. View abstract.
Gugliucci, A. Antioxidant effects of Ilex paraguariensis: induction of decreased oxidability of human LDL in vivo. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 7-16-1996;224(2):338-344. View abstract.
Gugliucci, A., Bastos, D. H., Schulze, J., and Souza, M. F. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids in Ilex paraguariensis extracts are the main inhibitors of AGE generation by methylglyoxal in model proteins. Fitoterapia 2009;80(6):339-344. View abstract.
Heck, C. I., Schmalko, M., and Gonzalez de, Mejia E. Effect of growing and drying conditions on the phenolic composition of mate teas (Ilex paraguariensis). J Agric.Food Chem. 9-24-2008;56(18):8394-8403. View abstract.
Hussein, G. M., Matsuda, H., Nakamura, S., Akiyama, T., Tamura, K., and Yoshikawa, M. Protective and ameliorative effects of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on metabolic syndrome in TSOD mice. Phytomedicine. 12-15-2011;19(1):88-97. View abstract.
Hussein, G. M., Matsuda, H., Nakamura, S., Hamao, M., Akiyama, T., Tamura, K., and Yoshikawa, M. Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) promotes satiety and body weight lowering in mice: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2011;34(12):1849-1855. View abstract.
Ito, E., Crozier, A., and Ashihara, H. Theophylline metabolism in higher plants. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 8-29-1997;1336(2):323-330. View abstract.
Jacques, R. A., Arruda, E. J., de Oliveira, L. C., de Oliveira, A. P., Dariva, C., de Oliveira, J. V., and Caramao, E. B. Influence of agronomic variables on the macronutrient and micronutrient contents and thermal behavior of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis). J Agric.Food Chem. 9-5-2007;55(18):7510-7516. View abstract.
Jacques, R. A., Dariva, C., de Oliveira, J. V., and Caramao, E. B. Pressurized liquid extraction of mate tea leaves. Anal.Chim.Acta 9-5-2008;625(1):70-76. View abstract.
Jacques, R. A., dos Santos, Freitas L., Perez, V. F., Dariva, C., de Oliveira, A. P., de Oliveira, J. V., and Caramao, E. B. The use of ultrasound in the extraction of Ilex paraguariensis leaves: a comparison with maceration. Ultrason.Sonochem. 2007;14(1):6-12. View abstract.
Jacques, R. A., Krause, L. C., Freitas, Ldos S., Dariva, C., Oliveira, J. V., and Caramao, E. B. Influence of drying methods and agronomic variables on the chemical composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) obtained from high-pressure CO2 extraction. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-12-2007;55(25):10081-10085. View abstract.
Jaiswal, R., Sovdat, T., Vivan, F., and Kuhnert, N. Profiling and characterization by LC-MSn of the chlorogenic acids and hydroxycinnamoylshikimate esters in mate (Ilex paraguariensis). J Agric.Food Chem. 5-12-2010;58(9):5471-5484. View abstract.
Kamangar, F., Schantz, M. M., Abnet, C. C., Fagundes, R. B., and Dawsey, S. M. High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(5):1262-1268. View abstract.
Klein, G. A., Stefanuto, A., Boaventura, B. C., de Morais, E. C., Cavalcante, Lda S., de, Andrade F., Wazlawik, E., Di Pietro, P. F., Maraschin, M., and da Silva, E. L. Mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot study. J Am Coll.Nutr. 2011;30(5):320-332. View abstract.
Kraemer, K. H., Taketa, A. T., Schenkel, E. P., Gosmann, G., and Guillaume, D. Matesaponin 5, a highly polar saponin from Ilex paraguariensis. Phytochemistry 1996;42(4):1119-1122. View abstract.
Lanzetti, M., Bezerra, F. S., Romana-Souza, B., Brando-Lima, A. C., Koatz, V. L., Porto, L. C., and Valenca, S. S. Mate tea reduced acute lung inflammation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Nutrition 2008;24(4):375-381. View abstract.
Leitao, A. C. and Braga, R. S. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in prokaryotic organisms. Braz.J Med.Biol.Res 1994;27(7):1517-1525. View abstract.
Leonard, S. S., Hogans, V. J., Coppes-Petricorena, Z., Peer, C. J., Vining, T. A., Fleming, D. W., and Harris, G. K. Analysis of free-radical scavenging of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguriensis) using electron spin resonance and radical-induced DNA damage. J Food Sci. 2010;75(1):C14-C20. View abstract.
Loria, D., Barrios, E., and Zanetti, R. Cancer and yerba mate consumption: a review of possible associations. Rev.Panam.Salud Publica 2009;25(6):530-539. View abstract.
Lunceford, N. and Gugliucci, A. Ilex paraguariensis extracts inhibit AGE formation more efficiently than green tea. Fitoterapia 2005;76(5):419-427. View abstract.
Marchisio, P. F., Sales, A., Cerutti, S., Marchevski, E., and Martinez, L. D. On-line preconcentration/determination of lead in Ilex paraguariensis samples (mate tea) using polyurethane foam as filter and USN-ICP-OES. J Hazard.Mater. 9-30-2005;124(1-3):113-118. View abstract.
Martin, I., Lopez-Vilchez, M. A., Mur, A., Garcia-Algar, O., Rossi, S., Marchei, E., and Pichini, S. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after chronic maternal drinking of mate. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(1):127-129. View abstract.
Martinet, A., Hostettmann, K., and Schutz, Y. Thermogenic effects of commercially available plant preparations aimed at treating human obesity. Phytomedicine. 1999;6(4):231-238. View abstract.
Martinet, A., Ndjoko, K., Terreaux, C., Marston, A., Hostettmann, K., and Schutz, Y. NMR and LC-MSn characterisation of two minor saponins from Ilex paraguariensis. Phytochem.Anal. 2001;12(1):48-52. View abstract.
Martins, F., Noso, T. M., Porto, V. B., Curiel, A., Gambero, A., Bastos, D. H., Ribeiro, M. L., and Carvalho, Pde O. Mate tea inhibits in vitro pancreatic lipase activity and has hypolipidemic effect on high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Obesity.(Silver.Spring) 2010;18(1):42-47. View abstract.
Martins, F., Suzan, A. J., Cerutti, S. M., Arcari, D. P., Ribeiro, M. L., Bastos, D. H., and Carvalho, Pde O. Consumption of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(4):527-532. View abstract.
Matsumoto, R. L., Bastos, D. H., Mendonca, S., Nunes, V. S., Bartchewsky, W., Ribeiro, M. L., and de Oliveira, Carvalho P. Effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) ingestion on mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant status in healthy young women. J Agric.Food Chem. 3-11-2009;57(5):1775-1780. View abstract.
Matsumoto, R. L., Mendonca, S., de Oliveira, D. M., Souza, M. F., and Bastos, D. H. Effects of mate tea intake on ex vivo LDL peroxidation induced by three different pathways. Nutrients. 2009;1(1):18-29. View abstract.
Menini, T., Heck, C., Schulze, J., de, Mejia E., and Gugliucci, A. Protective action of Ilex paraguariensis extract against free radical inactivation of paraoxonase-1 in high-density lipoprotein. Planta Med. 2007;73(11):1141-1147. View abstract.
Meyer, K. and Ball, P. Psychological and Cardiovascular Effects of Guarana and Yerba Mate: A Comparison with Coffee. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia 2004;38(1):87-94.
Milioli, E. M., Cologni, P., Santos, C. C., Marcos, T. D., Yunes, V. M., Fernandes, M. S., Schoenfelder, T., and Costa-Campos, L. Effect of acute administration of hydroalcohol extract of Ilex paraguariensis St Hilaire (Aquifoliaceae) in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Phytother.Res 2007;21(8):771-776. View abstract.
Miranda, D. D., Arcari, D. P., Pedrazzoli, J., Jr., Carvalho, Pde O., Cerutti, S. M., Bastos, D. H., and Ribeiro, M. L. Protective effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on H2O2-induced DNA damage and DNA repair in mice. Mutagenesis 2008;23(4):261-265. View abstract.
Mosimann, A. L., Wilhelm-Filho, D., and da Silva, E. L. Aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Biofactors 2006;26(1):59-70. View abstract.
Muccillo Baisch, A. L., Johnston, K. B., and Paganini Stein, F. L. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis on mesenteric arterial bed of rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60(2):133-139. View abstract.
Muller, V., Chavez, J. H., Reginatto, F. H., Zucolotto, S. M., Niero, R., Navarro, D., Yunes, R. A., Schenkel, E. P., Barardi, C. R., Zanetti, C. R., and Simoes, C. M. Evaluation of antiviral activity of South American plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 and rabies virus. Phytother.Res 2007;21(10):970-974. View abstract.
Nestle, N., Pauls, S., and Wunderlich, A. Oral magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent based on Ilex paraguayensis herbal extract. Magn Reson.Med. 2006;55(4):923-929. View abstract.
Ohem, N. and Holzl, J. Some New Investigations on Ilex paraguariensis: Flavonoids and Triterpenes. Planta Med. 1988;54(6):576. View abstract.
Oliveira, D. M., Freitas, H. S., Souza, M. F., Arcari, D. P., Ribeiro, M. L., Carvalho, P. O., and Bastos, D. H. Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) aqueous extract decreases intestinal SGLT1 gene expression but does not affect other biochemical parameters in alloxan-diabetic Wistar rats. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-26-2008;56(22):10527-10532. View abstract.
Paganini Stein, F. L., Schmidt, B., Furlong, E. B., Souza-Soares, L. A., Soares, M. C., Vaz, M. R., and Muccillo Baisch, A. L. Vascular responses to extractable fractions of Ilex paraguariensis in rats fed standard and high-cholesterol diets. Biol.Res Nurs. 2005;7(2):146-156. View abstract.
Pang, J., Choi, Y., and Park, T. Ilex paraguariensis extract ameliorates obesity induced by high-fat diet: potential role of AMPK in the visceral adipose tissue. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 8-15-2008;476(2):178-185. View abstract.
Perez-Parada, A., Gonzalez, J., Pareja, L., Geis-Asteggiante, L., Colazzo, M., Niell, S., Besil, N., Gonzalez, G., Cesio, V., and Heinzen, H. Transfer of pesticides to the brew during mate drinking process and their relationship with physicochemical properties. J Environ.Sci.Health B 2010;45(8):796-803. View abstract.
Pittler, M. H. and Ernst, E. Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin Nutr. 2004;79(4):529-536. View abstract.
Pittler, M. H., Schmidt, K., and Ernst, E. Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: systematic review. Obes.Rev. 2005;6(2):93-111. View abstract.
Pizarro, F., Olivares, M., Hertrampf, E., and Walter, T. [Factors which modify the nutritional state of iron: tannin content of herbal teas]. Arch.Latinoam.Nutr 1994;44(4):277-280. View abstract.
Pomilio, A. B., Trajtemberg, S., and Vitale, A. A. High-performance capillary electrophoresis analysis of mate infusions prepared from stems and leaves of Ilex paraguariensis using automated micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Phytochem.Anal. 2002;13(4):235-241. View abstract.
Prediger, R. D., Fernandes, M. S., Rial, D., Wopereis, S., Pereira, V. S., Bosse, T. S., Da Silva, C. B., Carradore, R. S., Machado, M. S., Cechinel-Filho, V., and Costa-Campos, L. Effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) in animal models of learning and memory. J Ethnopharmacol. 12-8-2008;120(3):465-473. View abstract.
Puangpraphant, S. and de Mejia, E. G. Saponins in yerba mate tea ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) and quercetin synergistically inhibit iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages through NFkappaB pathways. J Agric.Food Chem. 10-14-2009;57(19):8873-8883. View abstract.
Puangpraphant, S., Berhow, M. A., Vermillion, K., Potts, G., and Gonzalez de, Mejia E. Dicaffeoylquinic acids in Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire) inhibit NF-kappaB nucleus translocation in macrophages and induce apoptosis by activating caspases-8 and -3 in human colon cancer cells. Mol.Nutr.Food Res 2011;55(10):1509-1522. View abstract.
Purcaro, G., Tranchida, P. Q., Jacques, R. A., Caramao, E. B., Moret, S., Conte, L., Dugo, P., Dugo, G., and Mondello, L. Characterization of the yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) volatile fraction using solid-phase microextraction-comprehensive 2-D GC-MS. J Sep.Sci. 2009;32(21):3755-3763. View abstract.
Ramirez-Mares, M. V., Chandra, S., and de Mejia, E. G. In vitro chemopreventive activity of Camellia sinensis, Ilex paraguariensis and Ardisia compressa tea extracts and selected polyphenols. Mutat.Res. 10-4-2004;554(1-2):53-65. View abstract.
Ranilla, L. G., Kwon, Y. I., Apostolidis, E., and Shetty, K. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresour.Technol. 2010;101(12):4676-4689. View abstract.
Rivelli, D. P., Almeida, R. L., Ropke, C. D., and Barros, S. B. Hydrolysis influence on phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, plasma concentration, and tissue distribution of hydroethanolic Ilex paraguariensis extract components. J Agric.Food Chem. 8-24-2011;59(16):8901-8907. View abstract.
ROTH, J. L. Clinical evaluation of the caffeine gastric analysis in duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 1951;19(2):199-215. View abstract.
Saldana, M. D., Mohamed, R. S., Baer, M. G., and Mazzafera, P. Extraction of purine alkaloids from mate (Ilex paraguariensis) using supercritical CO(2). J Agric.Food Chem. 1999;47(9):3804-3808. View abstract.
Schenkel, E. P., Montanha, J. A., and Gosmann, G. Triterpene saponins from mate, Ilex paraguariensis. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 1996;405:47-56. View abstract.
Schinella, G. R., Troiani, G., Davila, V., de Buschiazzo, P. M., and Tournier, H. A. Antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 3-16-2000;269(2):357-360. View abstract.
Schinella, G., Fantinelli, J. C., and Mosca, S. M. Cardioprotective effects of Ilex paraguariensis extract: evidence for a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Clin.Nutr. 2005;24(3):360-366. View abstract.
Schubert, A., Pereira, D. F., Zanin, F. F., Alves, S. H., Beck, R. C., and Athayde, M. L. Comparison of antioxidant activities and total polyphenolic and methylxanthine contents between the unripe fruit and leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. Pharmazie 2007;62(11):876-880. View abstract.
Silva, A. R., Menezes, P. F., Martinello, T., Novakovich, G. F., Praes, C. E., and Feferman, I. H. Antioxidant kinetics of plant-derived substances and extracts. Int.J Cosmet.Sci. 2010;32(1):73-80. View abstract.
Silva, R. D., Bueno, A. L., Gallon, C. W., Gomes, L. F., Kaiser, S., Pavei, C., Ortega, G. G., Kucharski, L. C., and Jahn, M. P. The effect of aqueous extract of gross and commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on intra-abdominal and epididymal fat and glucose levels in male Wistar rats. Fitoterapia 2011;82(6):818-826. View abstract.
Strassmann, B. B., Vieira, A. R., Pedrotti, E. L., Morais, H. N., Dias, P. F., and Maraschin, M. Quantitation of methylxanthinic alkaloids and phenolic compounds in mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and their effects on blood vessel formation in chick embryos. J Agric.Food Chem. 9-24-2008;56(18):8348-8353. View abstract.
Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., Yamamoto, S., Yamashita, C., Oda, Y., Matsuda, H., and Yoshikawa, M. Brazilian natural medicines. III. structures of triterpene oligoglycosides and lipase inhibitors from mate, leaves of ilex paraguariensis. Chem.Pharm.Bull.(Tokyo) 2009;57(3):257-261. View abstract.
Szymanska, K., Matos, E., Hung, R. J., Wunsch-Filho, V., Eluf-Neto, J., Menezes, A., Daudt, A. W., Brennan, P., and Boffetta, P. Drinking of mate and the risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in Latin America: a case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21(11):1799-1806. View abstract.
Taketa, A. T., Gnoatto, S. C., Gosmann, G., Pires, V. S., Schenkel, E. P., and Guillaume, D. Triterpenoids from Brazilian Ilex species and their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. J Nat.Prod. 2004;67(10):1697-1700. View abstract.
Tenorio Sanz, M. D. and Torija Isasa, M. E. [Mineral elements in mate herb (Ilex paraguariensis St. H.)]. Arch.Latinoam.Nutr. 1991;41(3):441-454. View abstract.
Vassallo, A., Correa, P., De, Stefani E., Cendan, M., Zavala, D., Chen, V., Carzoglio, J., and Deneo-Pellegrini, H. Esophageal cancer in Uruguay: a case-control study. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 1985;75(6):1005-1009. View abstract.
Vera, Garcia R., Basualdo, I., Peralta, I., de, Herebia M., and Caballero, S. Minerals content of Paraguayan yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, S.H.). Arch.Latinoam.Nutr. 1997;47(1):77-80. View abstract.
Vieira, M. A., Maraschin, M., Pagliosa, C. M., Podesta, R., De Simas, K. N., Rockenbach, I. I., Amboni, R. D., and Amante, E. R. Phenolic acids and methylxanthines composition and antioxidant properties of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) residue. J Food Sci. 2010;75(3):C280-C285. View abstract.
Vieira, M. A., Maraschin, M., Rovaris, A. A., Amboni, R. D., Pagliosa, C. M., Xavier, J. J., and Amante, E. R. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the processing stages of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Food Addit.Contam Part A Chem.Anal.Control Expo.Risk Assess. 2010;27(6):776-782. View abstract.
Vieira, M. A., Rovaris, A. A., Maraschin, M., De Simas, K. N., Pagliosa, C. M., Podesta, R., Amboni, R. D., Barreto, P. L., and Amante, E. R. Chemical characterization of candy made of Erva-Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) residue. J Agric.Food Chem. 6-25-2008;56(12):4637-4642. View abstract.
Vieira, N. O., Peres, A., Aquino, V. R., and Pasqualotto, A. C. Drinking yerba mate infusion: a potential risk factor for invasive fungal diseases? Transpl.Infect.Dis 2010;12(6):565-569. View abstract.
Warnakulasuriya, S. Causes of oral cancer--an appraisal of controversies. Br Dent.J 11-28-2009;207(10):471-475. View abstract.
Wnuk, M., Lewinska, A., Oklejewicz, B., Bugno, M., Slota, E., and Bartosz, G. Evaluation of the cyto- and genotoxic activity of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat.Res 2009;679(1-2):18-23. View abstract.
Wrobel, K., Wrobel, K., and Urbina, E. M. Determination of total aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel and their fractions leached to the infusions of black tea, green tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Ilex paraguariensis (mate) by ETA-AAS. Biol.Trace Elem.Res 2000;78(1-3):271-280. View abstract.
Xu, G. H., Kim, Y. H., Choo, S. J., Ryoo, I. J., Yoo, J. K., Ahn, J. S., and Yoo, I. D. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis inhibit human neutrophil elastase. Arch.Pharm.Res 2009;32(9):1215-1220. View abstract.
Xu, G. H., Kim, Y. H., Choo, S. J., Ryoo, I. J., Yoo, J. K., Ahn, J. S., and Yoo, I. D. Two acetylated megastigmane glycosides from the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis. Arch.Pharm.Res 2010;33(3):369-373. View abstract.
Yatsu, F. K., Borghetti, G. S., and Bassani, V. L. Technological characterization and stability of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. Aquifoliaceae (Mate) spray-dried powder. J Med.Food 2011;14(4):413-419. View abstract.
Zanoelo, E. F. and Beninca, C. Chemical kinetics of 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid in superheated steam: effect of isomerization on mate (Ilex paraguariensis) manufacturing. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-23-2009;57(24):11564-11569. View abstract.
Abernethy DR, Todd EL. Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:425-8. View abstract.
Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, et al. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: lipid oxidation or futile cycling? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:40-6. View abstract.
Ali M, Afzal M. A potent inhibitor of thrombin stimulated platelet thromboxane formation from unprocessed tea. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;27:9-13. View abstract.
American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89. View abstract.
Andersen T, Fogh J. Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001;14:243-50. View abstract.
Aqel RA, Zoghbi GJ, Trimm JR, et al. Effect of caffeine administered intravenously on intracoronary-administered adenosine-induced coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:343-6. View abstract.
Ardlie NG, Glew G, Schultz BG, Schwartz CJ. Inhibition and reversal of platelet aggregation by methyl xanthines. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1967;18:670-3. View abstract.
Avisar R, Avisar E, Weinberger D. Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:992-5.. View abstract.
Bara AI, Barley EA. Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;4:CD001112.. View abstract.
Beach CA, Mays DC, Guiler RC, et al. Inhibition of elimination of caffeine by disulfiram in normal subjects and recovering alcoholics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:265-70. View abstract.
Bell DG, Jacobs I, Ellerington K. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1399-403. View abstract.
Benowitz NL, Osterloh J, Goldschlager N, et al. Massive catecholamine release from caffeine poisoning. JAMA 1982;248:1097-8. View abstract.
Brown NJ, Ryder D, Branch RA. A pharmacodynamic interaction between caffeine and phenylpropanolamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:363-71. View abstract.
Cannon ME, Cooke CT, McCarthy JS. Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Med J Aust 2001;174:520-1. View abstract.
Carbo M, Segura J, De la Torre R, et al. Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:234-40. View abstract.
Carrillo JA, Benitez J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary caffeine and medications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;39:127-53. View abstract.
Chiu KM. Efficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54:M275-80. View abstract.
Chou T. Wake up and smell the coffee. Caffeine, coffee, and the medical consequences. West J Med 1992;157:544-53. View abstract.
Conforti AS, Gallo ME, Saraví FD. Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Bone 2012;50:9-13. View abstract.
De Stefani E, Correa P, Fierro L, et al. Black tobacco, mate, and bladder cancer. A case-control study from Uruguay. Cancer 1991;67:536-40. View abstract.
De Stefani E, Fierro L, Correa P, et al. Mate drinking and risk of lung cancer in males: a case-control study from Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:515-9. View abstract.
De Stefani E, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M, et al. Meat intake, 'mate' drinking and renal cell cancer in Uruguay: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1998;78:1239-43. View abstract.
Dews PB, Curtis GL, Hanford KJ, O'Brien CP. The frequency of caffeine withdrawal in a population-based survey and in a controlled, blinded pilot experiment. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1221-32. View abstract.
Dews PB, O'Brien CP, Bergman J. Caffeine: behavioral effects of withdrawal and related issues. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1257-61. View abstract.
DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al; eds. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999.
Dreher HM. The effect of caffeine reduction on sleep quality and well-being in persons with HIV. J Psychosom Res 2003;54:191-8.. View abstract.
Durrant KL. Known and hidden sources of caffeine in drug, food, and natural products. J Am Pharm Assoc 2002;42:625-37. View abstract.
Esmelindro AA, Girardi Jdos S, Mossi A, et al. Influence of agronomic variables on the composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) extracts obtained from CO2 extraction at 30 degrees C and 175 bar. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:1990-5. View abstract.
FDA. Proposed rule: dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. Available at: www.verity.fda.gov (Accessed 25 January 2000).
Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, et al. Moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:435-44. View abstract.
Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996:144:642-4. View abstract.
Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicines. 1st ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1999.
For Dieter, Nearly the Ultimate Loss. The Washington Post. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/03/19/for-dieter-nearly-the-ultimate-loss/c0f07474-489d-4f44-bc17-1f1367c956ae/ (Accessed 19 March 2000).
Forrest WH Jr, Bellville JW, Brown BW Jr. The interaction of caffeine with pentobarbital as a nighttime hypnotic. Anesthesiology 1972;36:37-41. View abstract.
Goldenberg D, Golz A, Joachims HZ. The beverage mate: a risk factor for cancer of the head and neck. Head Neck 2003;25:595-601. View abstract.
Gotz V, Romankiewicz JA, Moss J, Murray HW. Prophylaxis against ampicillin-associated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:754-7. View abstract.
Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Bannick KE, Haven MC. The effect of caffeinated, non-caffeinated, caloric and non-caloric beverages on hydration. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:591-600.. View abstract.
Hagg S, Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Dahlqvist R. Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:59-63. View abstract.
Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Am J Med 2005;118:998-1003.. View abstract.
Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1833-8. View abstract.
Harder S, Fuhr U, Staib AH, Wolff T. Ciprofloxacin-caffeine: a drug interaction established using in vivo and in vitro investigations. Am J Med 1989;87:89S-91S. View abstract.
Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, et al. Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:474-8. View abstract.
Holmgren P, Norden-Pettersson L, Ahlner J. Caffeine fatalities--four case reports. Forensic Sci Int 2004;139:71-3. View abstract.
Horner NK, Lampe JW. Potential mechanisms of diet therapy for fibrocystic breast conditions show inadequate evidence of effectiveness. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1368-80. View abstract.
Howell LL, Coffin VL, Spealman RD. Behavioral and physiological effects of xanthines in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997;129:1-14. View abstract.
Hsu CK, Leo P, Shastry D, et al. Anticholinergic poisoning associated with herbal tea. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2245-8. View abstract.
Infante S, Baeza ML, Calvo M, et al. Anaphylaxis due to caffeine. Allergy 2003;58:681-2. View abstract.
Institute of Medicine. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309082587/html/index.html.
Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:72-3. View abstract.
Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, et al. Influence of mexiletine on caffeine elimination. Pharmacol Ther 1987;33:163-9. View abstract.
Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;176:1-29. View abstract.
Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, et al. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1639-44. View abstract.
Kockler DR, McCarthy MW, Lawson CL. Seizure activity and unresponsiveness after hydroxycut ingestion. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:647-51.. View abstract.
Kynast-Gales SA, Massey LK. Effect of caffeine on circadian excretion of urinary calcium and magnesium. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994;13:467-72. View abstract.
Lake CR, Rosenberg DB, Gallant S, et al. Phenylpropanolamine increases plasma caffeine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:675-85. View abstract.
Lane JD, Barkauskas CE, Surwit RS, Feinglos MN. Caffeine impairs glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2047-8. View abstract.
Leson CL, McGuigan MA, Bryson SM. Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1988;26:407-15. View abstract.
Lloyd T, Johnson-Rollings N, Eggli DF, et al. Bone status among postmenopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: a longitudinal investigation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:256-61. View abstract.
Massey LK, Whiting SJ. Caffeine, urinary calcium, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr 1993;123:1611-4. View abstract.
Massey LK. Is caffeine a risk factor for bone loss in the elderly? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:569-70. View abstract.
May DC, Jarboe CH, VanBakel AB, Williams WM. Effects of cimetidine on caffeine disposition in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;31:656-61. View abstract.
McGee J, Patrick RS, Wood CB, Blumgart LH. A case of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Britain associated with herbal tea consumption. J Clin Pathol 1976;29:788-94. View abstract.
McGowan JD, Altman RE, Kanto WP Jr. Neonatal withdrawal symptoms after chronic maternal ingestion of caffeine. South Med J 1988;81:1092-4.. View abstract.
Mester R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, et al. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:348-50. View abstract.
Morris JC, Beeley L, Ballantine N. Interaction of ethinyloestradiol with ascorbic acid in man [letter]. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;283:503. View abstract.
Nix D, Zelenitsky S, Symonds W, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:183.
Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:831-9. View abstract.
Ochiai R, Jokura H, Suzuki A, et al. Green coffee bean extract improves human vasoreactivity. Hypertens Res 2004;27:731-7. View abstract.
Petrie HJ, Chown SE, Belfie LM, et al. Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:22-8. View abstract.
Pintos J, Franco EL, Oliveira BV, et al. Mate, coffee, and tea consumption and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in southern Brazil. Epidemiology 1994;5:583-90. View abstract.
Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA, et al. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:936-40. View abstract.
Raaska K, Raitasuo V, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of caffeine-containing versus decaffeinated coffee on serum clozapine concentrations in hospitalised patients. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004;94:13-8. View abstract.
Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:694-700. View abstract.
Robinson LE, Savani S, Battram DS, et al. Caffeine ingestion before an oral glucose tolerance test impairs blood glucose management in men with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2004;134:2528-33. View abstract.
Saldana MD, Zetzl C, Mohamed RS, Brunner G. Extraction of methylxanthines from guarana seeds, mate leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:4820-6. View abstract.
Sanderink GJ, Bournique B, Stevens J, et al. Involvement of human CYP1A isoenzymes in the metabolism and drug interactions of riluzole in vitro. Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282:1465-72. View abstract.
Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Valle NC. Mate drinking during pregnancy and risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth. J Nutr 2005;135:1120-3. View abstract.
Sewram V, De Stefani E, Brennan P, Boffetta P. Mate consumption and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer in uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:508-13. View abstract.
Shearer MJ, Bach A, Kohlmeier M. Chemistry, nutritional sources, tissue distribution and metabolism of vitamin K with special reference to bone health. J Nutr 1996;126:1181S-6S. View abstract.
Sinclair CJ, Geiger JD. Caffeine use in sports. A pharmacological review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000;40:71-9. View abstract.
Smith A. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1243-55. View abstract.
Stanek EJ, Melko GP, Charland SL. Xanthine interference with dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Pharmacother 1995;29:425-7. View abstract.
Stookey JD. The diuretic effects of alcohol and caffeine and total water intake misclassification. Eur J Epidemiol 1999;15:181-8. View abstract.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP). Caffeine. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). Available at: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/caffeine.html.
Underwood DA. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:449-50. View abstract.
Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3. View abstract.
Vandeberghe K, Gillis N, Van Leemputte M, et al. Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:452-7. View abstract.
Wahllander A, Paumgartner G. Effect of ketoconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:279-83. View abstract.
Wallach J. Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. A synopsis of Laboratory Medicine. Fifth ed; Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1992.
Watson JM, Jenkins EJ, Hamilton P, et al. Influence of caffeine on the frequency and perception of hypoglycemia in free-living patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. View abstract.
Watson JM, Sherwin RS, Deary IJ, et al. Dissociation of augmented physiological, hormonal and cognitive responses to hypoglycaemia with sustained caffeine use. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104:447-54. View abstract.
Wemple RD, Lamb DR, McKeever KH. Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. Int J Sports Med 1997;18:40-6. View abstract.
Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:216-34. View abstract.
Winkelmayer WC, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Habitual caffeine intake and the risk of hypertension in women. JAMA 2005;294:2330-5. View abstract.
Zheng XM, Williams RC. Serum caffeine levels after 24-hour abstention: clinical implications on dipyridamole (201)Tl myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med Technol 2002;30:123-7. View abstract.